Equilibria and linear stability for the Boltzmann equation with radial anharmonic confining potentials

Abstract

We study the Boltzmann equation in the whole space under the radial anharmonic confining potentials $\Phi(x)=|x|^p/p$ for $p>2$ and $\Phi(x)=\langle x\rangle^p/p$ for $1 2$, the nonlinear equilibrium manifold is parametrized by mass, temperature, and the three components of angular momentum; for $1<p<2$, integrability excludes rotating equilibria and only mass and energy remain as equilibrium parameters. We then identify the five-dimensional stationary space of the equation linearized about an arbitrary equilibrium and construct an explicit projection determined by the conserved moments. After normalization, the collision term takes the form $C_Me^{-\widetilde\Phi(x)}\mathsf L$, so its microscopic coercivity degenerates at spatial infinity. A far-field weight-transfer estimate compensates for this degeneracy. After subtracting the stationary projection, the corresponding semigroup solution converges algebraically in exponentially weighted $L^2$ spaces. The rate is governed by the growth exponent $p$ and the gap between the two weights, up to an arbitrarily small loss. For $1<p<2$, the mismatch between the two-dimensional nonlinear equilibrium manifold and the five-dimensional linear stationary space yields a conditional obstruction to nonlinear asymptotic attraction for perturbations carrying nonzero angular momentum.