Fractional $\frac{1}{2}$-Laplacian of holomorphic functions via Jacobi polynomials

Abstract

We give a distributional definition of the $\frac{1}{2}$-fractional Laplacian for smooth functions with power-type singularities at the origin, including negative monomials and certain holomorphic functions with isolated singularities. The construction is based on a suitable space of test functions related to the Lizorkin space of test functions, for which both the test functions and their fractional Laplacians belong to the Schwarz class and vanish to infinite order at the origin, and thus compensate for any singularity of power type at the origin. This allows the $\frac{1}{2}$-fractional Laplacian to be defined by duality without requiring the underlying function to satisfy the usual integrability assumptions. The considered distributional framework is shown to be invariant under the $\frac{1}{2}$-fractional Laplacian, yielding a natural semigroup property. By applying the construction term by term to Laurent series we obtain new series that, remarkably, involve Jacobi polynomials. With this procedure we define the fractional Laplacian for a class of holomorphic functions and derive several applications, with particular emphasis on the recently developed theory of the quaternionic fine structures of the spectral theory on the $S$-spectrum, describing the functional calculi extending the classical holomorphic functional calculus in the various classes of holomorphic-type functions arising from the Fueter-Sce-Qian extension theorem.