Regularity of the Sz.-Nagy and Foia\c{s} Factorization of Characteristic Functions and Its Multivariable Analogue

Abstract

Given a contraction with an invariant subspace and a row contraction with a joint invariant subspace, a factorization of their characteristic functions was obtained by Sz.-Nagy and Foia\c{s}, and by Haria, Maji, and Sarkar, respectively. In this article, we investigate the regularity of this factorization in both the single-variable and multivariable cases. We construct examples of a contraction $T$ with an invariant subspace such that this factorization is not regular in general. If $T$ is completely non-unitary, we prove that this factorization is either regular or strange. Furthermore, we obtain a characterization of the regularity of this factorization. Using this characterization, we identify several classes of contractions and row contractions for which this factorization is regular. Among these classes, the most notable classes are pure contractions and pure row contractions. Additionally, for any integer $k>2$, we introduce the concept of $k$-strange factorizations for contractive analytic functions, which extend the concept of strange ($2$-strange) factorizations introduced by Sz.-Nagy and Foia\c{s}. Finally, we prove that if a contraction is pure or is a completely non-unitary contraction for which $\Delta_{\Theta_T}(t)$ has finite rank almost everywhere, then its characteristic function does not admit any $k$-strange factorization.