Gravitational Wave Signatures of Periodic Orbits around a Schwarzschild-like Black Holes Submerged in an Exponential Density Dark Matter Profile

Abstract

We study a Schwarzschild-like black hole embedded in an exponential-sphere (ESM) dark matter halo, characterized by a halo mass $M_0$ and a scale radius $r_0$. We first show that the halo's effect on the marginally bound orbit (MBO) and innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) is richer than a simple shift: the characteristic radii and energies vary non-monotonically with $r_0$, dipping below their Schwarzschild values before recovering, while the angular momenta decrease monotonically; as a function of $M_0$, the response can even reverse sign depending on how extended the halo is, with only the ISCO energy remaining monotonic throughout. We classify periodic orbits by the rational frequency ratio $q=ω_ϕ/ω_r-1=w+v/z$ and find that $r_0$ and $M_0$ leave clearly distinguishable imprints on the orbit spectrum. Using the numerical kludge framework, we compute the corresponding extreme-mass-ratio-inspiral (EMRI) waveforms and show that varying $r_0$ produces a strong, monotonic effect enlarging the orbits, lengthening the radial period, and introducing a clear dephasing while comparable variations in $M_0$ leave the signal nearly unchanged unless $M_0$ becomes a sizable fraction of the black hole mass. Together, these results indicate that EMRI waveforms can, in principle, disentangle the total mass of a dark matter halo from its spatial extent, offering a strong-field probe of the dark matter distribution around supermassive black holes.