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arXiv · 2607.24734

Gravitational waves from super-Hubble bubbles

Pulkit S. Ghoderao·Arttu Rajantie·Danièle Steer
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Abstract

We consider a cosmological first-order phase transition in which bubbles of true vacuum nucleate during inflation but do not collide and percolate until the Universe has entered the radiation-dominated era. If the collisions take place soon after the end of inflation, the size of these bubbles can be significantly greater than the Hubble length. This has two important consequences for the gravitational waves produced by the bubble collisions: First, as the peak frequency is determined by the comoving bubble radius, it can be well below the MHz frequencies typical for bubble collisions at the end of inflation. Second, when comparing collisions beginning at the same time, the amplitude of the gravitational waves is greatly enhanced relative to Hubble-sized and smaller bubbles. Together, these two effects mean that gravitational waves produced by super-Hubble bubbles soon after the end of inflation can be within the observable frequency and amplitude ranges of LIGO and NANOGrav, as well as LISA and other future gravitational wave experiments. We demonstrate this with a simple illustrative model.

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Pulkit S. Ghoderao, Arttu Rajantie, Danièle Steer. 2026-07-27. Gravitational waves from super-Hubble bubbles. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.24734

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