Loanword or Switch? The Annotation Boundary, Not the Model, Drives Kazakh-Russian Code-Switching Identification

Bogdan Savelyev

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arXiv · 2608.00581

Loanword or Switch? The Annotation Boundary, Not the Model, Drives Kazakh-Russian Code-Switching Identification

Bogdan Savelyev

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Abstract

Off-the-shelf LID and letter heuristics over-label Kazakh-Russian social text as mixed: Russian loanwords inside Kazakh look like code-switching under a shared Cyrillic script. We release a document-level gold LID set whose guideline keeps integrated borrowings as Kazakh and reserves mixed for clause-level switches, plus a mixed-only sentiment pool used after LID in a filter-first cascade. On a shared LID test, FastText, Lingua, raw and windowed HeLI, character-trigram NB, and XLM-R range from weak to strong performance. The gap shows the bottleneck is the loanword-vs-switch annotation boundary, not model class alone.

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Bogdan Savelyev. 2026-08-01. Loanword or Switch? The Annotation Boundary, Not the Model, Drives Kazakh-Russian Code-Switching Identification. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.00581

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