A 2D Hydrothermodynamic Analytical Model for Rapid Tumor Ablation using High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound

Abstract

We establish a self-consistent 2D hydrothermodynamic analytical model for high-intensity focused ultrasound tumor ablation. Expanding compressible Navier-Stokes equations to second order demonstrates that a stationary cellular matrix suppresses acoustic streaming ($\mathbf{v}_2 = 0$). This constraint forces the absorbed wave momentum flux to convert entirely into localized, time-averaged static pressure gradients ($\nabla \langle p_2 \rangle = \mathbf{F}_2$), bridging non-linear hydrodynamics with thermodynamic dissipation. Solving the non-diffusive Pennes bioheat equation under a $1.0\,\text{s}$ top-hat pulse reveals that a spherically focusing geometry ($\propto 1/r^2$) overrides exponential damping past a critical geometric threshold ($r_{\text{crit}} = 2x_0$), preventing upstream skin overheating. We derive an optimization criterion where the absorption coefficient matches half the inverse target depth ($\alpha = 1/2x_0$). Solving the non-isothermal Arrhenius integral yields a sharp lesion boundary radius at $r_b = 0.75\,w_0$, where the volume average reaches $72.1^\circ\text{C}$ while the core peaks at $90.0^\circ\text{C}$. Post-pulse 2D free-space Green's function convolution confirms immediate monotonic thermal decay ($\partial \theta/\partial t' < 0$) outside this boundary. This closed-form framework provides explicit scaling laws for non-invasive wave-matter thermal confinement, bypassing computationally heavy numerical simulations.