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arXiv · 2608.23227

Electrostatic control of Li+ density and transport rate in double-gated van der Waals devices

E. Hoenig·X. Zhang·C. Li·J. Tong·G. Chen·L. Chen·D. Domaretskiy·D. R. da Costa·F. M. Peeters·M. Lozada-Hidalgo
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Abstract

Ion transport in crystalline hosts is controlled by an applied potential that simultaneously sets ionic distribution and transport rate, restricting operation to a one-dimensional control space. Here we show that the transport rate of Li+ ions in double-gated van der Waals devices can be modulated while the system occupies fixed ionic-density states. We measure the ionic current along the van der Waals interfaces between hexagonal boron nitride and graphene or MoS2 while simultaneously monitoring the in-plane electronic response. The ionic current exhibits pronounced hysteresis, with plateaus marking discrete ionic-density states balanced by electronic charge, while an independently tuneable electrochemical-potential drop controls the ionic transport rate. The devices sustain over 1,000 switching cycles and function as hybrid ionic-electronic transistors capable of logic operations and memory retention, with ON/OFF ratios exceeding two orders of magnitude. This work demonstrates a two-dimensional control space for ions intercalated in layered materials.

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E. Hoenig, X. Zhang, C. Li, J. Tong, G. Chen, L. Chen, D. Domaretskiy, D. R. da Costa, F. M. Peeters, M. Lozada-Hidalgo. 2026-08-24. Electrostatic control of Li+ density and transport rate in double-gated van der Waals devices. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23227

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