Probing Triton's Space Environment and Internal Structure: An Integrated Detection-and-Interpretation Framework

Abstract

Triton, Neptune's largest moon, is a prime ocean-world target. Constraining ocean thickness, composition, and conductivity is essential for habitability assessment, but magnetic induction alone cannot resolve the thickness-conductivity degeneracy, and magnetic perturbations from Triton's space currents can obscure the internal induction signal. We present an integrated detection-and-interpretation concept linking four physically consistent calculations. Using `PlanetProfile', we construct a common radial interior structure (temperature, density, conductivity, seismic-wave speed). We then use `MoonMag' to compute the degree-one magnetic-induction response from that conductivity profile at the synodic, rotational, and orbital periods. We perform a multi-fluid `SWMF' simulation with the induced dipole as the inner-boundary condition and develop a Coulomb-gauge Poisson reconstruction to isolate space-current magnetic fields. Finally, we develop the `TritonSeis' workflow, three-dimensional seismic forward modeling plus hierarchical travel-time inversion, to constrain the ice-ocean and ocean-rock interface depths. We find that induction is substantially more sensitive to ocean conductivity than to layer thickness, and that space-current fields are comparable in amplitude to the internal induction signal. A five-station synthetic recovery test resolves both interfaces to first order, with errors of +8.4% for the ice shell and -12.5% for the ocean. Under a conservative noise assumption, the minimum detectable magnitudes are approximately 3.8-4.6 at epicentral distances of 100-1000 km. The Poisson reconstruction and end-to-end seismic recovery are, to our knowledge, the first such quantitative demonstrations for Triton. Coordinated magnetic, plasma, and seismic measurements are complementary and can break the conductivity-thickness degeneracy, providing a framework for future Triton exploration.