Equivalence between $N$-particle log-Sobolev inequalities and non-linear {\L}ojasiewicz inequalities for a class of mean field systems

Abstract

The convergence rate of a free energy Wasserstein gradient flow is quantified by its so-called Polyak-Lojasiewicz (PL) constant $\lambda$, which relates the objective function to its dissipation along the flow. Such a flow is the mean-field limit as $N$ goes to infinity of a system of $N$ interacting particles, whose convergence rate in relative entropy towards its Gibbs measure is quantified by its log-Sobolev constant $\lambda_N$. Different behaviours of $\lambda_N$ as $N$ goes to infinity thus describe drastically different phenomena, such as fast relaxation or metastability, with many models undergoing phase transitions between these regimes, depending typically on temperature. Under fairly general conditions, a uniform-in-$N$ log-Sobolev constant (i.e. fast exponential convergence for the particle system) is known to induce a positive PL constant (i.e. exponential convergence for the mean-field flow). A conjecture was stated by Delgadino, Gvalani, Pavliotis and Smith according to which the converse implication was true ($\lambda>0$ implies $\liminf \lambda_N >0$), even with $\lim \lambda_N =\lambda$. First, we will prove this converse implication, although without the equality $\lim \lambda_N = \lambda$, for a general class of mean-field models. Second, we also notice that this implication fails if the free energy minimiser is not unique, and provide an explicit counter-example. Third, we also consider the same question of relating $N$-particle and mean-field inequalities in the context of more general Lojasiewicz inequalities, which correspond to polynomial (instead of exponential) convergence rates, and can describe the situation exactly at a phase transition.