Inelastic Self-interacting Dark Matter and LUX-ZEPLIN 248 keV Event in a Dirac Modular Inverse Seesaw

Abstract

We propose a novel framework that simultaneously addresses the origin of Dirac neutrino masses and the nature of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM). The model is based on an $A_{4}$ modular symmetry to ensure the Diracness of neutrinos as well as the stability of the DM. The neutrino sector realizes a Dirac Inverse Seesaw mechanism where the smallness of the neutrino mass is governed by the vacuum expectation value (VEV) of a singlet scalar $\phi$. This same scalar couples to a vector-like fermion DM candidate, inducing a tiny Majorana mass splitting that renders the DM pseudo-Dirac and inelastic. Crucially, the scalar also acts as a light mediator for DM self-interactions, potentially solving the small-scale structure problems of Cold DM. In light of the recent 248 keV nuclear-recoil event, LZ230616, observed by LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) DM direct detection experiment, we demonstrate that our inelastic SIDM parameter space naturally accommodates this signal via endothermic scattering kinematics. Furthermore, the spontaneous breaking of the dark parity required for this inelasticity produces a network of cosmological domain walls. We show that the explicit symmetry breaking needed to safely annihilate these walls generates a stochastic gravitational wave background. The non-holomorphic modular symmetry reduces the free parameters, correlating neutrino observables, addressing DM phenomenology, $\Delta N_{\rm eff}$, and gravitational-wave signatures.