SAFIRE: Safety-Critical Benchmark for Fine-grained Fire and Smoke Understanding in Multimodal LLMs

Pengfei Li; Naufal Suryanto; Sicheng Zhang; Mohammad Alsharid; Muzammal Naseer

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arXiv · 2609.07823

SAFIRE: Safety-Critical Benchmark for Fine-grained Fire and Smoke Understanding in Multimodal LLMs

Pengfei Li·Naufal Suryanto·Sicheng Zhang·Mohammad Alsharid·Muzammal Naseer

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Abstract

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) show strong progress on vision-language tasks, yet their reliability in safety-critical settings remains underexplored. Fire-smoke understanding is central to public safety and disaster response, but most existing benchmarks lack diverse real-world scenarios and context-aware evaluation. We introduce SAFIRE, a large-scale benchmark for fire-smoke understanding in MLLMs, comprising 83K captioned images from 20 scenarios and 193K multiple-choice VQA (MCVQA) generated from a 9.7K-image subset, spanning 10 evaluation dimensions from basic perception to higher-order reasoning. A GPT-5.4-assisted multi-stage verification pipeline with MLLM majority voting ensures annotation quality. Evaluating ten open-source MLLMs (8B-38B) yields an average accuracy of 61.9%, exposing major gaps in safety-critical reasoning. We further show that adapting vision encoders with only 7% of our domain-specific data boosts fire-scene classification accuracy from 20.1% to 64.5%, indicating that carefully curated data can yield substantial gains even when data volume is limited. All datasets, models, and code are available at https://risys-lab.github.io/SAFIRE/.

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Pengfei Li, Naufal Suryanto, Sicheng Zhang, Mohammad Alsharid, Muzammal Naseer. 2026-09-07. SAFIRE: Safety-Critical Benchmark for Fine-grained Fire and Smoke Understanding in Multimodal LLMs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.07823

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