Confined elastic wires of large length: the sharp second-order asymptotics

Abstract

We study the least bending energy $m_L$ of a closed embedded wire of prescribed length $L$ confined to the closed unit disk. It is classical that the bending energy of any closed curve in the disk is at least its length, with equality only for multiply covered unit circles. Such a circle is the energy limit of a stack of disjoint embedded circles, but not of a single embedded loop, and the size of the resulting defect $m_L-L$ has remained open. We prove that \[ m_L \;=\; L+c_1\,L^{4/9}+O\bigl(L^{1/3}\bigr)\qquad\text{as }L\to\infty , \] with a sharp constant $c_1=5.223049\ldots$ given in closed form by two one-dimensional model problems. In particular $m_L-L\asymp L^{4/9}$, which improves the previously known upper bound of order $\sqrt{L}$ and provides the first lower bound beyond the trivial one.