Comparative Analysis on Inertia Estimation Algorithms (IEAs) in Providing Proper Frequency Response

Abstract

The inertia constant H[s] is a fundamental indicator of power system resilience, linking power imbalance between generation and load to frequency deviation. It is essential in frequency reserve dispatch under stability-constrained optimal power flow (OPF), demand response (DR) in ancillary service, system decoupling and frequency control in modern power system. While the inertia constant is traditionally defined as the intrinsic kinetic energy of synchronous generators on bar normalized to the power base, this neglects the releasable power under nonlinear dynamics and control inside HVDC and Inverter-based Resources (IBRs). Accurate real-time inertia estimation is therefore essential to perform proper frequency control and to indicate the risks of failure in frequency restoration. It, however, is challenging with noisy frequency measurement under event-driven parameter jumps and locational transient responses. This paper presents a systematic comparative analysis on inertia estimation algorithms (IEAs) for frequency response applications. Classical methods such as filtering and fitting under measurement-based methods are benchmarked against data-based parameter estimation techniques such as recursive least squares (RLS) and model-based methods such as Kalman filtering (KF). The main contributions are: (i) a holistic review of model- and data-based inertia estimation methods, (ii) exploration on the effect of IEA to wind-based inertia emulation strategies. The findings underscore the need for robust, adaptive, and data-driven estimation frameworks to ensure secure operation of future low-inertia grids.