Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2609.16433

Evaluating the NIST Bugs Framework Against CWE as a Successor for Automated Vulnerability Classification

Md Nazmul Hoque·Shaswata Mitra·Subash Neupane·Sudip Mittal·Shahram Rahimi
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Vulnerability classification based on root cause weaknesses is essential for numerous cybersecurity activities, where the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) serves as a public repository of such flaws. However, its overlapping entries create a non-orthogonal structure. The result is the same vulnerability being mapped to multiple weaknesses, complicating Root Cause Analysis (RCA) and triage. To address this, NIST Special Publication 800-231 introduces the Bugs Framework (BF), which organizes vulnerabilities into triples and links such triples into a causal chain, so that a vulnerability carries its root cause and its sink together instead of a single terminal label. To date, however, BF has been specified but not evaluated regarding its performance against the challenges to automated classification. The evidence required for adoption has not been investigated empirically. We evaluate BF as a classification target and a complement to CWE using a systematically screened corpus of automated Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) linked to CWE research. We assess the reproducibility of CVE-to-BF classification through two evaluations. The first is qualitative: an anonymized inter-rater study in which 2 subject-matter experts (SMEs) independently mapped 13 CVEs onto the four BF axes. Annotators showed strong agreement on the cause and operation axes, while the attribute axis indicated fair agreement. We also tested our automated framework across two large language model (LLM) deployments under different budgets for reproducibility analysis. Despite limitations, such as evidence availability and the absence of retrievable fix commits for closed-source software, our findings support the claim that BF is a more structured and automation-friendly framework than CWE. Our exploration reveals specific gaps in BF, including under-specified guidance on attributes.

Explore related subjects

cs.CRcs.SE

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Md Nazmul Hoque, Shaswata Mitra, Subash Neupane, Sudip Mittal, Shahram Rahimi. 2026-09-14. Evaluating the NIST Bugs Framework Against CWE as a Successor for Automated Vulnerability Classification. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.16433

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Starfish: Rebalancing Multi-Party Off-Chain Payment Channels

Blockchain technology has revolutionized the way transactions are executed, but scalability remains a major challenge. Payment Channel Network (PCN), as a Layer-2 scaling solution, has been proposed to address this issue. However, skewed payments can deplete the balance of one party within a channel, restricting the ability of PCNs to transact through a path and subsequently reducing the transaction success rate. To address this issue, the technology of rebalancing has been proposed. However, existing rebalancing strategies in PCNs are limited in their efficiency and applicability under realistic network topologies. Cycle-based approaches only enable rebalancing among nodes that form cycles, while non-cycle-based approaches incur high on-chain operation costs. In this study, we propose Starfish, a rebalancing approach designed for the locally star-like structures formed by high-degree routing hubs and their incident channels in real-world PCNs. By leveraging a hub-centric structure, Starfish reduces the on-chain overhead of rebalancing from quadratic to linear in the number of channels, achieving high rebalancing efficiency. We formally prove the security of Starfish and conduct comparative experiments against existing rebalancing techniques to demonstrate its effectiveness.

cs.CR↗
arXiv2026

Proof-of-Authorship for Diffusion-based AI Generated Content

Recent advancements in AI-generated content (AIGC) have introduced new challenges in intellectual property protection and the authentication of generated objects. We focus on scenarios in which an author seeks to assert authorship of an object generated using latent diffusion models (LDMs), in the presence of adversaries who attempt to falsely claim authorship of objects they did not create. While proof-of-ownership has been studied in the context of multimedia content through techniques such as time-stamping and watermarking, these approaches face notable limitations. In contrast to traditional content creation sources (e.g., cameras), the LDM generation process offers greater control to the author. Specifically, the random seed used during generation can be deliberately chosen. By binding the seed to the author's identity using cryptographic functions, the author can assert to be the creator of the object. We refer to this stronger guarantee as proof-of-authorship, since only the creator of the object can legitimately claim the object. This contrasts with proof-of-ownership via time-stamping or watermarking, where any entity could potentially claim ownership of an object by being the first to timestamp or embed the watermark. We propose a proof-of-authorship framework involving a probabilistic adjudicator who quantifies the probability that a claim is false. Furthermore, unlike prior approaches, the proposed framework does not involve any secret. We explore various attack scenarios and analyze design choices using Stable Diffusion 2.1 and XL as representative case studies.

cs.CR↗
arXiv2026

Impact Analysis of Speech Representation Learning Models for Acoustic Side-Channel Attack

Acoustic side-channel attacks (ASCA) on keyboards have gained increasing attention, yet impact of speech representation learning models in ASCA remains unexplored. Addressing this, we introduce KEYAC, a dataset designed to analyze representation generalization for ASCA under both standard and VoIP codec settings. On KEYAC, we evaluate six representation learning models under zero-shot and partial fine-tuning settings using fully connected and convolutional networks. Results show that while partial fine-tuning improves performance, models struggle to generalize across VoIP codecs. We hypothesize this limitation stems from inadequate modeling of nonlinear feature interactions in conventional fine-tuning architectures. To address this, we employ Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) for fine-tuning. Empirical results show that KAN-based fine-tuning consistently outperforms the baselines and establishes a new state-of-the-art on KEYAC.

cs.CR↗