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arXiv · 2609.17260

Towards Illusions Awareness in Cyber-Physical System's Design

Anna Di Placido·Nicolas Ferry·Julien Deantoni
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Abstract

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) operate through a continuous sense-compute-act loop within an open context environment, making it impossible to anticipate all the situations the system will face. To cope with this openness, stakeholders rely on assumptions, formalized into design models. However, these assumptions may no longer hold once the system is confronted with runtime reality, resulting in a discrepancy between expected and observed behaviour known in literature as the reality gap. Existing approaches mainly focus on reducing or overcoming it by making simulations more faithful to reality, with no unified methodology to structure and exploit invalidated assumptions that give rise to this gap as reusable design knowledge. We refer to the persistent reliance on invalidated assumptions -and the resulting false confidence in the design model's operational validity -as design illusions, and argue that they need to be made explicit, structured, and exploited as knowledge to support better design decisions. We propose a conceptual pipeline for illusions-awareness that identifies, classifies, characterizes, and leverages illusions to transform them into actionable design knowledge.

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Anna Di Placido, Nicolas Ferry, Julien Deantoni. 2026-09-15. Towards Illusions Awareness in Cyber-Physical System's Design. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.17260

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