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arXiv · 2609.22836

A Hybrid Attention Model Learning Unified Time-aware Patch Representation for Irregular Multivariate Time Series Forecasting

Zhihao Lin·Li Lin·Qi Zhang·Kaiwen Xia·Shuai Wang·Jialin Qiao
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Abstract

Time series foundation models (TSFMs) have recently delivered impressive zero-shot performance across diverse forecasting tasks. However, real-world decision-making frequently relies on \emph{irregular multivariate time series} (IMTS), where inconsistent inter-observation intervals and asynchronous sampling across variables coexist with informative missingness. Existing TSFMs handle such inputs either through imputation that injects spurious values or through index-based positional encodings that ignore continuous time. There is still a gap in the foundation model that follows the original IMTS patterns. In this paper, we propose a hybrid attention model that learns a unified time-aware patch representation for IMTS forecasting. We first design a \emph{time-aware patch encoding} that maps a variable number of intra-patch timestamps into a fixed-size embedding, producing a uniform format for irregular patches without resorting to imputation. We then introduce a \emph{time bias attention} mechanism that calibrates inter-patch temporal misalignment and asynchronous cross-channel dependencies as auxiliary attention offset. Finally, on top of a decoder-only Transformer backbone, we adopt a \emph{hybrid causal mask} that preserves a bidirectional full view over the historical context while keeping the forecast horizon strictly autoregressive. To support large-scale pretraining under irregular settings, we also curate VersaTSA, an archive of $30$B observations that retains the native sampling sparsity of its sources. Experiments on three IMTS benchmarks and a standard regular-MTS benchmark show that our model achieves state-of-the-art zero-shot performance on IMTS and remains competitive when transferred to regular forecasting.

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Zhihao Lin, Li Lin, Qi Zhang, Kaiwen Xia, Shuai Wang, Jialin Qiao. 2026-09-22. A Hybrid Attention Model Learning Unified Time-aware Patch Representation for Irregular Multivariate Time Series Forecasting. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22836

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