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arXiv · 2609.23083

Directing large language models to follow the letter or spirit of the law

Peng Qian·Andrew Li·Sam Chen·Sonia K. Murthy·Yonatan Belinkov·Tomer D. Ullman
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Abstract

The distinction between the spirit and letter of the law is a central issue across research and everyday life, and a growing concern for building safe, intelligent machines. What is this distinction based on, and how can we develop machines that follow the intention behind a rule? We used targeted adaptation that made large language models prioritize the spirit or letter of the law. With minimal modifications, our method significantly changed LLM behavior across diverse measures, novel vignettes, real-world scenarios, and influential legal cases. An analysis of model internals revealed a low-dimensional space with three interpretable dimensions matching a formal pre-specified framework for the geometry of legal concepts. These findings show how legal thought in LLMs may be organized and directed.

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Peng Qian, Andrew Li, Sam Chen, Sonia K. Murthy, Yonatan Belinkov, Tomer D. Ullman. 2026-09-19. Directing large language models to follow the letter or spirit of the law. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.23083

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