Dynamical Coulomb effects on charged-pion HBT-radius splitting in central Au+Au collisions at few-GeV energies

Abstract

The pair transverse momentum ($k_T$) and collision-energy ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$) dependent difference between $π^{+}π^{+}$ and $π^{-}π^{-}$ femtoscopic correlations was observed by the HADES and STAR Collaborations. We investigate how much of the observed splitting can be accounted for by Coulomb dynamics in 0-10\% central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=2.42$-5.2 GeV. Using the UrQMD model and the CRAB programme, three transport scenarios that successively include baryon-baryon, baryon-meson, and meson-meson Coulomb interactions are considered. In a separate calculation based on the baryon-baryon reference, we reconstruct the time-dependent effective charge $Z_{\rm{eff}}(t)$ and radius $R_{\rm{eff}}(t)$ of the residual charged source and propagate each pion from its individual last strong-interaction point through the evolving field. The calculations reproduce the main $k_{T}$ and $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ dependences of the radii. Baryon--meson Coulomb interactions generate most of the additional charge splitting in the microscopic calculation. The residual-source treatment also enhances the longitudinal and sideward radius ratios relative to the reference, whereas the outward ratio changes little, and the enhancement generally decreases with increasing $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$. Within the present framework, this contribution does not fully account for the data, motivating further investigation of the charged-source geometry and its interplay with strong-interaction dynamics.