Lower bounds for heat kernels of elliptic operators with unbounded diffusion, drift, and potential terms

Abstract

We establish a pointwise lower bound for the heat kernel of the elliptic operator $ Λ=(1+|x|^α)Δ+b|x|^{α-2}x\cdot\nabla-|x|^β$, where $d\geq3$, $α>2$, $β>α-2$, and $b\in\mathbb R$. For every $τ>0$, we prove that $$ \begin{aligned} p(t,x,y) &\geq C_τe^{λ_0t} \left(\frac{1+|y|^α}{1+|x|^α}\right)^{\frac{b}{2α}} \frac{(|x||y|)^{-\frac{d-1}{2}-\frac{β-α}{4}}}{1+|y|^α}\\ &\quad\times\exp \left[ -\int_1^{|x|}\sqrt{\frac{s^β}{1+s^α}}\,\mathrm ds -\int_1^{|y|}\sqrt{\frac{s^β}{1+s^α}}\,\mathrm ds \right] \end{aligned} $$ for all $t\geqτ$ and $|x|,|y|\geq1$, where $λ_0<0$ is the largest eigenvalue of $Λ$ and $C_τ>0$ is independent of $t,x,y$. The proof applies the classical Davies - Simon argument in a weighted symmetric setting.