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arXiv · 2609.29390

Likelihood Ranking doesn't Scale Like Prompting in LLMs

Alessandro Bondielli·Lucia Passaro·Davide Bacciu·Alessandro Lenci
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Abstract

LLM evaluation is commonly performed either by prompting models to produce answers or by scoring candidate outputs with likelihood-based metrics. In multiple-choice QA, however, standard likelihood-based scoring is still conditioned on the question and answer set, and can therefore leverage the same task-conditioned answer-selection interface used in prompting. We study a complementary protocol based on likelihood ranking of declarative statements constructed from the same question--answer pairs. Across 95 decoder-only models, ranging from 0.1B to 104B parameters, and 10 MCQA datasets, we find a systematic divergence between declarative-statement likelihood ranking and prompted answering. Statement-likelihood accuracy remains comparatively stable across scale, whereas prompted answering improves sharply with scale and instruction-tuning. These results suggest that likelihood preferences over controlled declarative alternatives and task-conditioned answer selection probe distinct aspects of model behavior, and should not be treated as interchangeable.

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Alessandro Bondielli, Lucia Passaro, Davide Bacciu, Alessandro Lenci. 2026-09-24. Likelihood Ranking doesn't Scale Like Prompting in LLMs. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.29390

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