Index Modulation Aided Phase-Rotated AFDM for Efficient Integrated Sensing and Communication: Framework, Optimization and Performance Analysis

Shiqi Cui; Zeping Sui; Tianqi Mao; Yuanshuo Gang; Guangyao Liu; Fan Zhang; Miaowen Wen; Dezhi Zheng; Christos Masouros; Zhaocheng Wang

arXiv · 2609.33227

Index Modulation Aided Phase-Rotated AFDM for Efficient Integrated Sensing and Communication: Framework, Optimization and Performance Analysis

Shiqi Cui·Zeping Sui·Tianqi Mao·Yuanshuo Gang·Guangyao Liu·Fan Zhang·Miaowen Wen·Dezhi Zheng·Christos Masouros·Zhaocheng Wang

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Abstract

Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) has emerged as a competitive waveform for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in high-mobility scenarios, but its data-dependent high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and ambiguity function (AF) sidelobes may degrade the power-amplifier efficiency as well as the sensing performance. To mitigate the issues, one promising candidate is the phase-rotation optimization philosophy, which necessitates auxiliary side information (SI) to guarantee successful data recovery at the receiver. However, using additional signalling overhead to deliver the SI degrades the spectral efficiency. Against the background, this paper proposes a power level index modulation (PLIM)-aided phase-rotated AFDM (PLIM-PR-AFDM) scheme, which embeds the phase-rotation SI within the transmitted block. At the transmitter, the proposed scheme jointly optimizes the waveform by coordinating the PLIM power allocation, phase rotation, and embedding of SI. Specifically, subcarriers are flexibly allocated with different transmit power levels. High-power subcarriers are phase-rotated to suppress the PAPR and fast-slow-time AF sidelobes. By decomposing the fast-slow-time AF sidelobe energy into per-block periodic autocorrelation function (PACF) terms, the sensing objective can be formulated as a PACF-weighted integrated sidelobe level (WISL) minimization problem, while selected low-power subcarriers embed the phase bits as SI through constellation labels. Furthermore, the PLIM power patterns of each transmitted block can convey additional index bits, which compensates for the spectral efficiency loss caused by SI transmission. Moreover, the error performance is analyzed by deriving an upper bound of the average bit error probability (ABEP) and identifying the condition for full diversity.

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BibTeX RIS

Shiqi Cui, Zeping Sui, Tianqi Mao, Yuanshuo Gang, Guangyao Liu, Fan Zhang, Miaowen Wen, Dezhi Zheng, Christos Masouros, Zhaocheng Wang. 2026-09-27. Index Modulation Aided Phase-Rotated AFDM for Efficient Integrated Sensing and Communication: Framework, Optimization and Performance Analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.33227

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