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arXiv · 2609.33421

A Padovan-automatic description of a nested recurrence

Benoit Cloitre·Haobo Ma·Wenlin Zhang
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Abstract

We study the sequence $a(0)=0$, $a(1)=1$ and $a(n)=n-a(n-a(n-a(n-1)))$ for $n\ge 2$, listed as A076502 in the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. We identify $a(n)$ as a two-position shift in the greedy Padovan numeration system, with a finite-state correction. The proof constructs an addition automaton from an exact integer-carry invariant and certifies its completeness by finite-language inclusion; a synchronized automaton then verifies the nested recurrence. We establish bounded discrepancy from the line of slope $c$, where $c^3-c^2+2c-1=0$, and show that the exact set of offsets from $\lfloor cn\rfloor$ is $\{-1,0,1,2\}$. We construct an explicit 26-letter non-erasing morphic presentation of the first-difference word, prove that its least balance constant is 4, and give an effective procedure for enclosing the global discrepancy extrema to arbitrary accuracy. We formalize the recurrence identification, six-decimal discrepancy bound, exact offset set, concrete morphic identity, least balance constant, and an effective extrema algorithm in Lean. Separate exact computations refine the numerical enclosures.

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Benoit Cloitre, Haobo Ma, Wenlin Zhang. 2026-09-27. A Padovan-automatic description of a nested recurrence. https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.33421

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