High-Level Text Preprocessing for Semantic Similarity Analysis of Discursive Texts: A Framework and Empirical Demonstration

Abstract

Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) methods assume that a document's lexical content faithfully represents what it asserts. This assumption fails for discursive documents that discuss, compare, critique, and contextualize other positions in the process of articulating their own. The result is semantic diffusion: similarity scores between documents are inflated by vocabulary acquired through discursive engagement rather than substantive alignment. Standard Natural Language Processing (NLP) preprocessing (tokenization, stopword removal, stemming, lemmatization) cannot address this problem because it operates at the lexical level, treating all content identically regardless of its discursive function. This paper introduces high-level text preprocessing: a systematic, rule-based intervention applied before the standard preprocessing pipeline to isolate each document's actual claim from its discursive structure. We propose 12 rules, each with an explicit rationale, and demonstrate their effect on an encyclopedic philosophical corpus: three entries from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (virtue ethics, deontological ethics, and consequentialism). A three-phase experiment using eight Transformer-based STS models shows that preprocessing reduces centroid cosine similarity scores across all three theory pairs, with 23 of 24 model-pair comparisons showing the expected decrease and cross-model agreement ranging from 7-1 to 8-0. We introduce the semantic diffusion index (SDI), a per-document metric for assessing the semantic reorientation between a document's raw and high-level preprocessed representations. Although the framework is demonstrated using philosophical texts, it potentially addresses a domain-agnostic problem applicable to legal texts, policy documents, academic articles, and any genre in which a discursive approach introduces vocabulary from positions the document does not endorse.