Tree Navigation Without LLM Summaries: A Matched-Cost Study of Hierarchical Retrieval for Long-Document QA

Abstract

Retrieval-augmented generation grounds language models in external context, but for long documents flat top-$k$ retrieval can cluster on a single region and miss complementary evidence. RAPTOR-style summary trees address this by recursively clustering chunks and using a language model to summarize each cluster at indexing time, then ranking summary nodes alongside raw chunks at query time. We show the main benefit of summary trees in long-document QA can come from navigation rather than the generated summary content. We introduce NavTree, a leaves-only retriever that builds a deterministic balanced segment tree over chunks (zero language-model calls at indexing) and uses the tree purely as a navigation scaffold: a hybrid lexical-and-dense frontier walk, anchored on top retrieved leaves, descends from the root and emits only leaf chunks to the reader. On a matched-cost evaluation against flat retrievers and an extractive re-implementation of RAPTOR, NavTree is the strongest matched-cost hierarchical retriever in our evaluated grid and ties the strongest flat baseline. On long-document multi-hop QA, it is the only hierarchical method that significantly beats BM25 on a class-vs-class basis, corroborated by a reader-free retrieval-recall check. A matched-reader replication of the published abstractive RAPTOR variant, given strong cluster summaries, still loses to NavTree at every multi-chunk budget, at zero indexing cost. The ranking carries across stronger and open-weight readers, a stronger encoder, and a full factorial that isolates leaves-only emission as the structural lever.