Cooperation, Defection, and the Commons: Reproducing an Agent-Based Model of Aksum with Three Logistic Equations

Riccardo Vasellini; Federico Cecconi; Daniele Vilone

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arXiv · 2610.09789

Cooperation, Defection, and the Commons: Reproducing an Agent-Based Model of Aksum with Three Logistic Equations

Riccardo Vasellini·Federico Cecconi·Daniele Vilone

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Abstract

Cooperative behavior can improve environmental quality, whereas selfish defection can degrade shared resources. In a recent agent-based study of the Aksum civilization (Vasellini et al., 2025), a population of agents moving over a reconstructed landscape and playing a local Public Goods Game grew faster and peaked higher when the game was enabled, but settled, in the long run, at the same population level as when it was not. Here we show that this behavior does not depend on the many rules of that model. We develop a theoretical ecological model of three coupled discrete-time equations, in which two sub-populations grow logistically and share a carrying capacity that rises when cooperators are sufficiently numerous and decays otherwise. Without fitting any parameter to the simulation, the equations reproduce its qualitative behavior: an initial boom, damped oscillations, and stabilization; a higher peak when the cooperative mechanism is active; and a final equilibrium that does not depend on it. Cooperation can be self-sustained for a transient period, but in the absence of measures that mitigate free-riding it collapses, and the environmental gains it produced are lost with it.

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Riccardo Vasellini, Federico Cecconi, Daniele Vilone. 2026-10-07. Cooperation, Defection, and the Commons: Reproducing an Agent-Based Model of Aksum with Three Logistic Equations. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.09789

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