Oxygen isotopic ratio in open cluster RGB stars: A new method for accurate mass and age estimations

Abstract

Determining precise and homogeneous absolute ages of open clusters (OCs) remains a challenge in stellar astrophysics, mainly due to parameter degeneracies in photometric methods and line-of-sight extinctions. We present a novel method for estimating the ages of intermediate-age and old OCs, based on the strong initial-mass dependence of the surface oxygen isotopic ratio, 16O/17O, measured in RGB stars following the first dredge-up. Using updated theoretical stellar models computed with the FuNS code, we demonstrate how post-FDU CNO isotopic abundances reflect initial stellar masses. We analysed high-resolution near-infrared spectra for 11 RGB stars belonging to four Galactic OCs. For the intermediate-age clusters NGC 7789, NGC 7044, and NGC 6819, we derive ages of 1.80, 1.81, and 2.31 Ga, respectively. For the two stars in NGC 6819 the derived initial stellar mass (1.625 Mo) and age are in excellent agreement with independent estimates from asteroseismology and eclipsing binaries. Conversely, ages estimated by means of machine learning algorithms, trained to recognise specific features in the cluster CMDs, are systematically lower. Regarding the old and super-metal-rich cluster NGC 6791, the low signal-to-noise ratio and the possible line blending hinder precise mass and age constraints. With these limitations, we can only fix a lower bound of about 4 Ga for its age. The surface oxygen isotopic ratio in RGB stars provides a powerful, independent stellar clock, making high-resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of oxygen isotopes a key tool for Galactic archaeology.