DIME: Scaling Facial Representation Learning via Differential Masked Autoencoding

Abstract

Scaling up data and model capacity has driven substantial progress in visual representation learning. However, conventional pretext tasks exhibit diminishing returns on fine-grained facial analysis. We attribute this to a scaling bottleneck: these tasks model each image's appearance and are dominated by identity, pose, and illumination, so subtle within-identity facial differences contribute little to the training signal. We introduce DIME, a differential masked autoencoder for large-scale facial representation learning. DIME builds on a simple observation: two images of the same person share identity-specific appearance, so their difference exposes facial changes. DIME reconstructs both masked images in an identity-matched pair and, through an Explicit Differential Direction Supervision (EDDS) objective, aligns the direction of their reconstructed difference with the true difference, while source isolation makes each reconstruction depend only on its own image. Shared appearance cancels in this difference, and because EDDS ignores magnitude, subtle facial changes count as much as large pose or illumination changes. DIME uses identity labels only to form pretraining pairs, requires no dense annotations, and learns dense facial representations with emergent part-level semantics. We pretrain DIME on 20 million high-resolution facial images consolidated from existing face datasets. DIME's AU detection performance continues to improve as pretraining data scales from 6M to 20M images, with its BP4D F1 increasing by 5.9 points, while MAE gains only 0.5 points on the same subsets. DIME also outperforms specialized facial methods on AU detection, AU intensity estimation, cross-domain anti-spoofing, landmark localization, head pose estimation, face parsing, and face generation.