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arXiv · 2610.20377

To Stack or Not to Stack? Jacobian Conditioning and the Benefits of Depth in Metasurface-Based Linear Transformation Synthesis

Andrea Abrardo·Andrea Garulli
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Abstract

This paper investigates when and why stacking programmable metasurfaces into Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIMs) improves linear transformation synthesis at a fixed phase-control budget. The analysis shows that algebraic Jacobian rank alone is insufficient to characterize practical synthesis, which also depends on the strength and balance of the sensitivity directions generated by the available controls. A layer-resolved analysis of the cascade model explains how inter-layer propagation can generate complementary sensitivity directions. The relevance of this mechanism is then assessed using an S-parameter multiport model that includes electromagnetic coupling and multiple scattering. Numerical results in near- and far-field sensing scenarios show that distributing the same control resources across multiple layers can strengthen weak transformation directions, improve Jacobian conditioning, and substantially enhance synthesis accuracy. These findings explain why increasing depth can offer benefits that are not obtained by simply enlarging a single programmable surface, and identify layer complementarity and Jacobian conditioning as useful criteria for SIM architecture design.

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Andrea Abrardo, Andrea Garulli. 2026-10-14. To Stack or Not to Stack? Jacobian Conditioning and the Benefits of Depth in Metasurface-Based Linear Transformation Synthesis. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20377

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