mm-jets in the multi-messenger era

Karri I. I. Koljonen; Thomas D. Russell; Britton Jeter; Lauren Rhodes; Alexandra J. Tetarenko; María Díaz Trigo; Talvikki Hovatta; Pau Bosch-Cabot; Mamta Pandey-Pommier; Alessio Marino; Jakob van den Eijnden; Dieu D. Nguyen; Melania Del Santo; Thomas Maccarone; Anna Y. Q. Ho; Maria C. Baglio; Sera Markoff; the ALMA2040 Transient; Time-Domain Astronomy working group

arXiv · 2610.20741

mm-jets in the multi-messenger era

Karri I. I. Koljonen·Thomas D. Russell·Britton Jeter·Lauren Rhodes·Alexandra J. Tetarenko·María Díaz Trigo·Talvikki Hovatta·Pau Bosch-Cabot·Mamta Pandey-Pommier·Alessio Marino·Jakob van den Eijnden·Dieu D. Nguyen·Melania Del Santo·Thomas Maccarone·Anna Y. Q. Ho·Maria C. Baglio·Sera Markoff·the ALMA2040 Transient·Time-Domain Astronomy working group

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Abstract

Jets and outflows operate across the full cosmic mass scale from young stellar objects (YSOs) and X-ray binaries (XRBs) to active galactic nuclei (AGN), gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and tidal disruption events (TDEs), shaping many time-domain and multi-messenger transients. Key questions concern on how jets are launched, accelerated and collimated; where and how they dissipate energy and accelerate particles; and how they couple to their environments to set electromagnetic counterpart diversity and feedback. Millimeter and sub-millimeter observations uniquely address these questions by tracking the evolving synchrotron turnover for robust calorimetry and Lorentz-factor constraints, providing full-Stokes polarization and Faraday diagnostics close to the jet base, and enabling high-resolution imaging from Galactic ejecta to event-horizon-scale AGN jet bases via global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). We describe the jet and outflow science enabled by ALMA2040, a next-generation mm/sub-mm interferometer combining an order-of-magnitude sensitivity gain with rapid-response observing, simultaneous multi-band coverage, full-Stokes polarimetry, and integration with global VLBI networks. These capabilities will enable statistically controlled, trigger-driven samples spanning XRB outbursts, early GRB afterglows, protostellar disk winds and jet launching, AGN jet bases, and jetted TDEs, establishing mm/sub-mm astronomy as a cornerstone of time-domain and multi-messenger jet physics in the 2040s and beyond.

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Karri I. I. Koljonen, Thomas D. Russell, Britton Jeter, Lauren Rhodes, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, María Díaz Trigo, Talvikki Hovatta, Pau Bosch-Cabot, Mamta Pandey-Pommier, Alessio Marino, Jakob van den Eijnden, Dieu D. Nguyen, Melania Del Santo, Thomas Maccarone, Anna Y. Q. Ho, Maria C. Baglio, Sera Markoff, the ALMA2040 Transient, Time-Domain Astronomy working group. 2026-10-14. mm-jets in the multi-messenger era. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.20741

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