Probing cold gas and dust in quiescent galaxies across cosmic time

Anita Zanella; Sirio Belli; Belen Alcalde Pampliega; Manuel Aravena; George Bendo; Rachel Bezanson; Stefano Carniani; Francoise Combes; Pierre Cox; Anna de Graaff; Daniel Espada; Andreas L. Faisst; K. Decker French; Jonathan Freundlich; Mahmoud Hamed; Zhiyuan Ji; Gareth C. Jones; Vanshika Kansal; Adarsh Kumar; Andrea Lapi; Ivanna Langan; Umberto Maio; Alessia Moretti; Dieu D. Nguyen; Mamta Pandey-Pommier; Gergö Popping; Prachi Prajapati; Guillermo Quintana-Lacaci; Pierluigi Rinaldi; Raghvendra Sahai; Justin Spilker; Sandro Tacchella; Sabine Thater; Francesco Valentino; Livia Vallini; Jacco van Loon; Enrico Veraldi; Christina C. Williams

arXiv · 2610.21513

Probing cold gas and dust in quiescent galaxies across cosmic time

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Abstract

The discovery of massive quiescent galaxies at high redshift by JWST has revealed that star formation can cease rapidly in the early Universe, yet the physical mechanisms responsible for quenching remain unknown. A key missing element is the systematic measurement in statistically representative quiescent samples of the cold gas and dust content, which are crucial for distinguishing quenching mechanisms and evolutionary pathways. Such observations are currently not feasible because state-of-the-art sub-millimeter facilities (e.g., ALMA) cannot routinely detect the faint molecular gas and dust reservoirs of quiescent galaxies, nor pinpoint outflowing molecular gas. A next-generation facility (ALMA2040) capable of providing transformative access to the cold interstellar medium of quiescent galaxies across redshift is therefore essential. In particular, it will allow the community to probe the molecular gas content of quiescent galaxies at cosmic noon and beyond by targeting the CO, [CI], and [CII] emission lines, as well as unveiling the physical conditions of the cold interstellar medium by constraining the CO spectral line energy distribution. It will also reveal the dust content of the passive population, a crucial ingredient to constrain the different quenching mechanisms. Finally, it will enable probing the molecular gas kinematics and identify molecular outflows driven by supermassive black holes. When combined with the rich legacy of JWST, ELT, and SKAO surveys, ALMA2040 will deliver a comprehensive, multi-phase view of feedback and quenching, allowing us to establish when, how, and why galaxies shut down their star formation across cosmic time.

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Anita Zanella, Sirio Belli, Belen Alcalde Pampliega, Manuel Aravena, George Bendo, Rachel Bezanson, Stefano Carniani, Francoise Combes, Pierre Cox, Anna de Graaff, Daniel Espada, Andreas L. Faisst, K. Decker French, Jonathan Freundlich, Mahmoud Hamed, Zhiyuan Ji, Gareth C. Jones, Vanshika Kansal, Adarsh Kumar, Andrea Lapi, Ivanna Langan, Umberto Maio, Alessia Moretti, Dieu D. Nguyen, Mamta Pandey-Pommier, Gergö Popping, Prachi Prajapati, Guillermo Quintana-Lacaci, Pierluigi Rinaldi, Raghvendra Sahai, Justin Spilker, Sandro Tacchella, Sabine Thater, Francesco Valentino, Livia Vallini, Jacco van Loon, Enrico Veraldi, Christina C. Williams. 2026-10-15. Probing cold gas and dust in quiescent galaxies across cosmic time. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.21513

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