Thermalization-induced self-polarization of temporally incoherent light: A nonequilibrium wave turbulence kinetic approach

Abstract

Conservative nonlinear waves generally undergo an irreversible process of thermalization toward the Rayleigh--Jeans (RJ) equilibrium state. Light thermalization has recently been experimentally investigated in the two-dimensional transverse spatial dynamics of multimode waveguides. Here, we consider the one-dimensional temporal dynamics of incoherent light propagating in a weakly birefringent single-mode fiber. We show that light thermalization is responsible for a self-polarization of the incoherent wave during its propagation. Within the framework of wave turbulence theory, we show that this phenomenon originates from a nonequilibrium process of adiabatic cooling: polarization fluctuations are continuously transferred toward the high-frequency tails of a local RJ equilibrium state, whose effective temperature decreases during propagation, thereby increasing the degree of light polarization. Moreover, in the absence of a high-frequency cut-off that would regularize the ultraviolet catastrophe in the temporal domain, the optical wave exhibits an ever-increasing degree of polarization, ultimately approaching unity. These results show that it is thermodynamically advantageous for the optical field to evolve toward a polarized state, which provides new insight into spontaneous self-organization phenomena in conservative Hamiltonian systems operating far from thermodynamic equilibrium.