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arXiv · 2610.24513

Curvature Effects on Boundary Accumulation of Self-Propelled Particles: A Fokker-Planck Approach

Jingyi Fu·Jinqi Liu·Benoit Perthame·Min Tang
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Abstract

It is well known that self-propelled particles tend to accumulate near boundaries. Although the influence of boundary geometry on this accumulation has been extensively studied using individual-based models, a population-level PDE description becomes desirable when a large number of particles are involved. In this work, we investigate boundary accumulation of self-propelled particles confined in two-dimensional circular and annular domains. We develop Fokker--Planck models that qualitatively reproduce the behavior observed in individual-based simulations. The main contribution is the formulation of appropriate evolution equations for particles accumulated at the boundary, incorporating transitions between the interior free-swimming state and the boundary-contact state. Starting from a general spatial two-dimensional model, we simplify the associated boundary conditions by assuming radial symmetry and then design an exponentially weighted difference scheme that preserves the total mass of the coupled system. Because transitions between different particle states induce singular behavior near the boundary, establishing discrete mass conservation is nontrivial. In particular, the velocity space must be divided into two subdomains, with the resulting discontinuity treated explicitly. Stochastic simulations and numerical experiments are performed both to validate the proposed models and to investigate the effects of geometric and dynamical parameters on boundary accumulation.

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Jingyi Fu, Jinqi Liu, Benoit Perthame, Min Tang. 2026-10-17. Curvature Effects on Boundary Accumulation of Self-Propelled Particles: A Fokker-Planck Approach. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.24513

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