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arXiv · 2610.24561

Ergotropy of nonequilibrium steady states beyond the full secular approximation

Xing-Xing Hu·Hui-Yu Yang·Kun Zhang·Xiao-Hui Wang
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Abstract

Understanding the generation and activation of ergotropy, the maximum work extractable by cyclic unitary operations, is central to quantum battery research. Positive-temperature thermal states are passive, whereas nonequilibrium environments can sustain nonpassive steady states with nonzero ergotropy. However, the full secular approximation commonly used in Lindblad descriptions can suppress steady-state coherence and obscure its contribution to ergotropy. Using a Bloch-Redfield master equation beyond the full secular approximation, we investigate the ergotropy of the nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) of two exchange-coupled qubits connected to independent thermal reservoirs. The NESS ergotropy of two qubits with the same frequency is entirely coherent and grows quadratically with temperature bias near equilibrium. In contrast, detuned qubits can exhibit incoherent ergotropy. We derive an exact analytical criterion for its activation and show that activation requires the hotter reservoir to be coupled to the qubit with the higher bare frequency. Comparing NESSs obtained with and without full secularization reveals quantitative and qualitative differences in ergotropy that reflect changes in both its coherent and incoherent contributions. The results clarify the mechanisms of NESS ergotropy activation and demonstrate the importance of retaining steady-state coherence beyond the full secular approximation when characterizing stationary work resources.

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Xing-Xing Hu, Hui-Yu Yang, Kun Zhang, Xiao-Hui Wang. 2026-10-17. Ergotropy of nonequilibrium steady states beyond the full secular approximation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.24561

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