arXiv2026
We introduce and study explicit invariants with respect to the action of (local) gauge transformations on the set of semi-discrete (differential-difference) matrix Lax representations (MLRs) for a given (1+1)-dimensional evolutionary differential-difference equation with any number of components. Using these invariants, we obtain the following general results: - Sufficient conditions for nonremovability of parameters in semi-discrete MLRs. (Nonremovability by means of gauge transformations.) - Necessary conditions for two semi-discrete MLRs to be gauge equivalent. Effective use of these results is demonstrated. We present the general theory and apply it to MLRs for equations of Volterra--Yamilov, Cherdantsev--Yamilov, Toda types and Miura-type modifications. Also, we present a comparison with results of S. Yu. Sakovich and M. Marvan on gauge invariants for (continuous) zero-curvature representations of partial differential equations. Furthermore, we demonstrate procedures for constructing Miura-type transformations (MTs) for discrete (partial difference) equations (on the two-dimensional integer lattice) by means of gauge simplifications of discrete matrix Lax pairs (DLPs) and reductions of auxiliary systems associated with DLPs. This allows us to construct new MTs for (non-evolutionary) 4-point and 6-point discrete equations from [D. Levi, R.I. Yamilov, J. Phys. A 2009], [S. Konstantinou-Rizos, A.V. Mikhailov, P. Xenitidis, J. Math. Phys. 2015].