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arXiv · 2610.31089

Transformers with CoT Discover Heavy-Ball Acceleration Through Training

Yuxuan Cai·Yuan Cao
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Abstract

Modern transformers often solve complex tasks by generating and refining intermediate reasoning steps. To develop a theoretical understanding of chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, a notable recent study by Huang et al. (2025) viewed transformers as algorithm executors, and showed that when transformers' CoT steps are supervised by a gradient-descent teacher, they can learn to implement gradient descent for in-context weight prediction in linear regression. In this paper, we study the same in-context weight prediction task but ask whether CoT reasoning can go beyond merely imitating the teacher algorithm. We show that, after initial supervision from a gradient-descent teacher, further trajectory-level supervision using the true regression weights leads the model to implement the Heavy-Ball method, thereby achieving acceleration over the original teacher. Notably, this accelerated algorithm emerges without supervision from any Heavy-Ball teacher. Our results provide a concrete theoretical example in which transformer reasoning can discover new algorithms through training, rather than merely imitate the algorithm used for supervision.

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Yuxuan Cai, Yuan Cao. 2026-10-22. Transformers with CoT Discover Heavy-Ball Acceleration Through Training. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.31089

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