Beyond Homology: Non-Abelian and Orientability Invariants Sensitivity in Cellular Networks

Abstract

Topological deep learning (TDL) architectures are typically evaluated on synthetic complex pairs that differ in a target invariant. Yet, whether a model recovers that invariant or an artifact of the chosen discretization is seldom audited. To examine this, we design and test pairs of complexes that look identical to standard homological and local message-passing tests, have the same Hasse graphs, yet differ in the target invariant. We study two beyond-homology regimes: nonAbelian fundamental-group structure and homotopy-matched orientability. For the former, we construct genus-2 pairs that match homology, cell statistics, local incidence profiles, and rank-colored Hasse 1-WL behavior while differing in their fundamental groups. For the latter, we evaluate punctured torus-Klein bottle pairs and show that distance, boundary, cycle, and spectral signals can confound apparent orientability detection, motivating stronger matched controls. Under the tested settings, subcomplex-lifted architectures separate some pairs beyond the matched homological, local-incidence, and Hasse 1-WL controls, while a depth sweep reveals an empirical depth-dependent trend without establishing a general barrier or direct computation of the target invariants. These results show that claims of topological expressivity must be stated relative to the model representation, explicitly controlled information channels, and the precise scope of the benchmark.