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arXiv · 2610.36289

Compatibility and future-proof testing for multi-agent systems

Yueshan Li·Lorenzo Fiaschi·Andrea Censi·Emilio Frazzoli
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Abstract

Independently developed autonomous agents, such as autonomous vehicles, must guarantee joint compatibility, such as safety and task-completion requirements, when they operate in a shared environment. Existing methods require a centrally designed specification, or interaction mechanism before any agent is deployed. However, such centralized design is unrealistic when agent designs are confidential to their developers, and it is not flexible enough to accommodate future agent designs. We study a bi-level structure in which a regulator coordinates developers by publishing seed agents, and each developer independently tests its agent to ensure that it is compatible with every seed-compatible agent, a property we call future-proofness. Under this structure, joint compatibility is guaranteed for any agents that are designed and tested independently, without any coordination with each other. In this work, we first formulate compatibility for general multi-agent systems and show why it is not trivially implied by seed-compatibility. We then characterize the future-proof agents as the closure of the seed and show that this closure is monotone in the seed. Finally, we study a class of executable tests that involve interaction with the seed alone, and we ask to what extent such tests can distinguish the future-proof agents.

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Yueshan Li, Lorenzo Fiaschi, Andrea Censi, Emilio Frazzoli. 2026-10-26. Compatibility and future-proof testing for multi-agent systems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36289

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