Understanding LLM-Based Bargaining of Driving Agents in Mixed-Autonomy Traffic

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a flexible computational approach for modeling social interactions among heterogeneous agents. This paper develops a novel framework towards characterizing and understanding LLM-based population-level bargaining of shared road space between autonomous vehicle (AV) and human-driven vehicle (HV) agents in mixed-autonomy traffic. Through controlled experiments varying traffic density, agent objectives, and traffic-domain knowledge, we first characterize bargaining outcomes and observe heterogeneous agreement rates across different experimental conditions. To understand how the bargaining process shapes the outcomes, we introduce a behavioral taxonomy that jointly characterizes numerical bidding actions and communicative attitudes. We examine two complementary aspects of social interaction: inter-agent bargaining dynamics and private-to-public behavioral transformation. Results reveal distinct interaction patterns associated with agreement and breakdown, including greater constructive reciprocity in agreement trials and more frequent conflict escalation in breakdown trials. Furthermore, private and public communicative attitudes often differ even when numerical bids remain unchanged. These findings illustrate how LLM-based bargaining simulations can support a structured analysis of social interaction behaviors in mixed-autonomy traffic.