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arXiv · 2611.00205

Lightest and heaviest nuclei as keys to the origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays

Anna M. Suliga·Glennys R. Farrar
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Abstract

The origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) has been a long-standing mystery. A unique feature of UHECRs originating in binary neutron star mergers (BNSMs) is two distinct populations of light elements -- those directly accelerated in the jets, and photo-disintegration products of massive nuclei accelerated in the bulk outflow. We show that Pierre Auger Observatory spectrum and composition data confirm the existence of the predicted two populations at $\geq \!7.2σ$ significance, having rigidity ($R\equiv E/Ze$) cutoffs agreeing with prior estimates. The data also favor 5-10% of UHECRs originating as r-process nuclei, a signature of a BNSM origin. Our results provide strong evidence that UHECRs are produced by merging neutron stars, and show how UHECRs and UHE-neutrinos elucidate otherwise inaccessible aspects of neutron star mergers.

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Anna M. Suliga, Glennys R. Farrar. 2026-10-30. Lightest and heaviest nuclei as keys to the origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00205

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