Vertex Deletion on $H$-Induced-Minor-Free Graphs: Subexponential FPT Algorithms and Approximation Schemes

Abstract

We study vertex-deletion problems on string graphs and, more generally, on graphs excluding a fixed graph as an induced minor. For every fixed graph $H$, fixed nonnegative integer $t$, and fixed monadic second-order formula $ϕ$, we consider the problem of finding a minimum-cardinality set $S$ such that $G-S$ has treewidth at most $t$ and satisfies $ϕ$. This captures classic problems such as Vertex Cover, Feedback Vertex Set, and deletion to graphs of any fixed bounded treewidth. We give an algorithm with running time $2^{k^{2/3} \log^{O(1)} k}n^{O(1)}$ on $H$-induced-minor-free graphs, where $k$ is the optimum deletion-set size. This resolves in the affirmative the open problem highlighted by Bonnet and Rzążewski [Algorithmica 2019] and Berthe, Bougeret, Gonçalves, and Raymond [ICALP 2025] regarding the existence of a subexponential parameterized algorithm for Feedback Vertex Set on string graphs. Our algorithm significantly improves over existing parameterized algorithms for more restricted classes of problems on more restricted classes of graphs. When the property defined by $ϕ$ is hereditary, we also obtain a quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme, namely an algorithm that produces a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximate solution in quasi-polynomial time. Both the sub-exponential algorithm and the quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme build on the same new structural and algorithmic insights.