Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2611.09172

PaB-tree: Parallel B+-tree with Batch Updates

Ziyang Men·Yan Gu·Yihan Sun·Helen Xu
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

The B+-tree is a ubiquitous search index due to its provable I/O (cache) efficiency. Yet unlike batch-parallel binary search trees, which are both fast and widely available, no batch-parallel B+-tree offers strong empirical performance together with provable, near-optimal I/O efficiency. Prior B+-tree-based designs are either parallel but purely theoretical, with no high-performance implementation, or concurrent indexes such as the Bw-tree and Masstree, which run an order of magnitude slower on batch updates. We present PaB-tree, the first batch-parallel B+-tree with guarantees on work, span, and cache complexity alongside strong practical performance. Its core challenge -- repairing node overflows and underflows without eroding the tree's I/O advantage -- is resolved by one simple invariant: a repair never touches a sibling and is always pushed to the parent. A Promote primitive reduces batch construction and insertion to repeated node promotion, and batch deletion to reinsertion. Batch updates take O(B log_B n) work and O(log_B n) I/O per element, matching the sequential B+-tree bounds, with polylogarithmic span. Against highly-optimized parallel and concurrent baselines, PaB-tree delivers the best overall performance trade-off: up to 1.4x faster on construction and up to 3.6x faster on batch insertion than the strongest baseline, while preserving B+-tree query efficiency.

Explore related subjects

cs.DScs.DBcs.DC

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Ziyang Men, Yan Gu, Yihan Sun, Helen Xu. 2026-11-06. PaB-tree: Parallel B+-tree with Batch Updates. https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.09172

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Approximate Total Weighted Completion Time with Convex Controllable Processing Times

We study the single-machine scheduling problem with controllable processing times to minimize the total weighted completion time, focusing on the setting where a job's processing time is a convex function of its allocated continuous resource. The computational complexity of this problem represents a long-standing open question, as it is currently neither known to be polynomial-time solvable nor NP-hard. While we do not fully resolve this complexity question, we provide several insights into the problem's approximability. On the positive side, we present a polynomial-time $e \le 2.719$-approximation algorithm, alongside a quasi-polynomial approximation scheme for instances where the largest parameter value is polynomially bounded by the instance size. On the negative side, we demonstrate that simple sorting rules, which are optimal for certain special cases in the literature, cannot guarantee a constant-factor approximation for the general case.

cs.DS↗
arXiv2026

The Greedy Superstring Conjecture Is False

In the Shortest Common Superstring problem (SCS), one is given a finite set of strings and is asked to find a shortest string containing every input string as a substring. Since the problem is NP-hard, various approximation algorithms have been proposed for it. The currently best known approximation ratio is $2.466$ due to Englert, Matsakis, and Veselý; a better approximation ratio $2$ has been announced by OpenAI just recently. In 1988, Tarhio and Ukkonen introduced a simple greedy algorithm that iteratively takes two strings with the longest overlap and merges them together. They showed that the greedy algorithm may produce a superstring that is about two times longer than the optimal one and conjectured that this bound is tight. This has become known as the Greedy Superstring Conjecture and has remained open for almost four decades. The best known upper bound on the approximation ratio of the greedy algorithm is $3.396$ due to Englert, Matsakis, and Veselý. In this paper, we present a series of results tightening the bounds of the greedy algorithm, with the main contributions being as follows: 1. We refute the Greedy Conjecture by constructing a family of instances for which a lower bound on the approximation ratio tends to $2.4$. 2. We prove that the greedy algorithm is $3$-approximate. 3. For input strings of fixed length $k$, we prove that the approximation guarantee is exactly $9/5$ for $k=3$ and at least $2$ for all $k \ge 6$.

cs.DS↗
arXiv2026

Tight Bounds for Paging with Delay and Joint Replenishment with Varying Opening Costs

We study weighted paging with delay, a generalization of classical paging in which requests may be served after their arrival, incurring delay costs while awaiting service. This model allows the algorithm to delay service and batch service requests over time, but also introduces significant challenges due to overlapping requests. While the problem is well understood in the unweighted setting, where optimal $O(\log k)$-competitive algorithms are known, the weighted case remains more elusive. The best previously known randomized algorithm, due to Gupta, Kumar, and Panigrahi, achieves an $O(\log k \log n)$-competitive ratio, leaving a gap between weighted and unweighted settings. We obtain a randomized $O(\log k)$-competitive algorithm, matching the lower bound inherited from classical paging. The core of our approach is a structural decomposition that separates the evolution of the cache over time from scheduling additional page loads, so as to make the solution feasible. We develop this approach first for paging with time windows, the special case in which each request must be served within a specified time interval. Given a sequence of cache configurations, we reduce the problem of augmenting this sequence to a feasible solution to a variant of the Joint Replenishment Problem with deadlines (JRP-D) with time-dependent opening costs. We design a constant-competitive online algorithm for this variant under a prediction model whose required information is available online in our paging reduction. Combining this algorithm with an existing online construction of cache configurations yields an $O(\log k)$-competitive algorithm for paging with time windows. We then extend the framework to obtain the same guarantee for weighted paging with a general delay function.

cs.DS↗