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Kaon Condensation and Goldstone's Theorem

T. Schaefer·D. T. Son·M. A. Stephanov·D. Toublan·J. J. M. Verbaarschot
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Abstract

We consider QCD at a nonzero chemical potential for strangeness. At a critical value of the chemical potential equal to the kaon mass, kaon condensation occurs through a continuous phase transition. We show that, when the isospin symmetry is exact in the Lagrangian, a Goldstone boson with a dispersion relation $E \sim p^2$ appears in the kaon condensed phase. At the same time, the number of the Goldstone bosons is less than the number of broken generators. Both phenomena are familiar in non-relativistic systems. We interpret our results in terms of a Goldstone boson counting rule found previously by Nielsen and Chadha. We also formulate a criterion sufficient for the equality between the number of Goldstone bosons and the number of broken generators.

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T. Schaefer, D. T. Son, M. A. Stephanov, D. Toublan, J. J. M. Verbaarschot. 2001-09-14. Kaon Condensation and Goldstone's Theorem. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(01)01265-5

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