Compactness and Measures of Noncompactness in Metric Trees

Abstract

A metric tree ($M$, $d$), also known as $\mathbb{R}$-trees or $T$-theory, is a metric space such that between any two points there is an unique arc and that arc is isometric to an interval in $\mathbb{R}$. In this paper after presenting some fundamental properties of metric trees and metric segments, we will give a characterization of compact metric trees in terms of metric segments. Two common measures of noncompactness are the ball and set measures, respectively defined as \[ β(S) = \inf \{ε\mid S {has a finite} ε{-net in} M\} {and} \] \[ α(S) = \inf\{ε\mid S {has a finite cover of sets of diameter} \leq ε\}. \] We will prove that $α= 2β$ for all metric trees. We give two independent proofs of this result, first of which depends on the fact that given a metric tree $M$ and a subset $E$ of diameter $2r$, then for all $\ep >0$ there exists $m \in M$ such that $E \subset B(m;r+\ep)$. The second proof depends on the calculation of underlying geometric constant, Lifschitz characteristic of a metric tree. It is well known that the classes of condensing or contractive operators defined relative to distinct measures of noncompactness are not equal in general, however in case of metric trees, we show that a map $T$ between two metric trees is $k$-set contractive if and only if it is $k$-ball contractive for $k\geq 0$.}