Instantaneous Frequency in Power Systems using the Teager-Kaiser Energy Operator
This letter develops an instantaneous-frequency (IF) local estimator calculated with the complex Teager-Kaiser energy operator (CTKEO) and the dynamic-signal identity. The contribution is a novel CTKEO-based IF expression that makes the envelope-curvature terms explicit, thus correcting the bias that affects conventional estimators used in power systems. The estimator aligns with complex-frequency (CF) kinematics and admits a geometric interpretation (curvature) without phase unwrapping. This yields an accurate local frequency estimate in operating conditions where magnitude variations contribute non-negligibly to the signal dynamics. Tests on field measurements illustrate the practical behavior of the proposed approach and its consistency with a geometric-frequency benchmark.