arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Afsar Abbas.
The Dark Energy problem is forcing us to re-examine our models and our understanding of relativity and space-time. Here a novel idea of Fundamental Forces is introduced. This allows us to perceive the General Theory of Relativity and Einstein's Equation from a new pesrpective. In addition to providing us with an improved understanding of space and time, it will be shown how it leads to a resolution of the Dark Energy problem.
Normally one plots separation energies $S_{1n}$ and $S_{2n}$ as a function of neutron number $N$ for a particular proton number $Z$ or plot $S_{1p}$ and $S_{2p}$ as a function of $Z$ for a particular $N$. Here we plot the separation energies a little differently: $S_{1n}$ and $S_{2n}$ as a function of $Z$ for a particular $N$. The same with $S_{1p}$ and $S_{2p}$ as a function of N for a particular Z. A systematic study of these new plots brings out certain very interesting generic features which clearly indicate presence of triton ("t") ${^{3}_{1} H_{2}}$ and helion ("h") ${^{3}_{2} He_{1}}$ clustering in nuclei.
A new "Hidden Colour Hypothesis" within the framework of QCD, as an extension of and in keeping with the spirit of the "Colour Singlet Hypothesis" is hereby proposed As such it should play a role in a consistent description of exotic hadrons, like the diquonia, pentaquarks, dibaryon$ etc. How these exotic hadrons are affected by this new hypothesis is discussed here. This new hypothesis suggests that the experimentalists may not be looking for single exotics but for composites of two or more of the same.
One of the outstanding problems of philosophy of science and mathematics today is whether there is just "one" unique mathematics or the same can be bifurcated into "pure" and "applied" categories. A novel solution for this problem is offered here. This will allow us to appreciate the manner in which mathematics acts as an exact and precise language of nature. This has significant implications for Artificial Intelligence.
It is shown that as knowledge is structured, it comes in modules. This provides different " layers of reality ". Each layer of reality has its own distinctive inductive logic which may differ from that of the others. All this is woven together to form a " web of induction " in a multidimensional space. It is the overall resilience, firmness and consistent interconnectedness of the whole web which justifies induction globally and which allows science to continue to "read" nature using the inductive logic.
It is proposed here that all successful and complete theories always proceed through an intermediate stage of instrumentalism to the final stage of realism. Examples from history of science (both classical and modern) in support of this hypothesis are presented.
The intensity of debate between the realists and antirealists shows no sign of abating. Here a new hypothesis is proposed to resolve the issue. The requirement of consistency and continuity are built-in in the methodology of this hypothesis. This new hypothesis supports realism.
The concepts of local and global colour singletness in QCD are analyzed within a framework of a group theoretical technique which can project out various colour representations of the QGP. A proof of colour singletness is thereby provided. This also leads to an explanation of the baryon asymmetry in the universe within the framework of QCD itself. Supersymmetry plays a basic role in this explanation as well as providing us with a consistent connection between the current and the constituent picture of quarks. Glueballs as a Dark Matter candidate manifest themselves herein. Baryonlessness of QGP is a clear prediction of this model.
At present it is believed that different multi-cluster structures for light nuclei may represent equivalent states of these nuclei. Here it is proven that once we take account of Three Body and Four Body Forces then this equivalence is lost.
It is shown here that loosely bound halo structure of neutron rich nuclei and the ground state spin of single neutron halo nuclei are correlated and are consistently explained if one assumes a double potential shell model for these nuclei.
It is now known that in neutron rich nuclei, old magic numbers disappear and new ones appear. Single nucleon and double nucleon separation energies are plotted here in all possible manner.Using this data it is shown here for the first time that nuclei with pair of proton number Z and neutron number N (Z,N) : (6,12), (8,16), (10,20), (11,22) and (12,24) exhibit exceptional stability or magicity. As such these magic numbers appear in pairs. This correlation is shown here to be indicative of predominance of tritons in the ground state of these neutron rich nuclei. Thus ${^{30}_{10} Ne_{20}}$ has the structure of 10 $^{3}_{1} H_{2}$ in the ground state. This confirms the prediction of the author that triton clustering in neutron rich nuclei as a new phenomenon.
Recent experiments clearly demonstrate the importance of the excited state $2^+$ at 1.8 MeV in the substruture ${^6}He$ for the ground state of the nucleus ${^8}He$. It is shown here that this means that the ground state structure of ${^8}He$ rather than being $α$ + 4n is actually ${^3}H$ + ${^3}H$ +2n. As such the pair of tritons would form a compact core around which the two valence neutrons provide a halo structure in ${^8}He$. Hence both ${^6}He$ and ${^8}He$ are two neutron halo nuclei but with cores of quite different nature. All this demonstrates significance of triton clustering in neutron rich nuclei.
It is shown here that new experiments confirm author's recent prediction of a strong tendency for triton clustering in light neutron rich nuclei. As such the neutron halo phenomena is naturally explained here. Prediction of exotic molecular states rich in tritonic clusters is made here through new Ikeda-like diagram configurations for the nuclei ${^{3Z}_Z} A_{2Z}$ . Hence this model is well confirmed experimentally and makes several new predictions which can be tested experimentally.
It is commonly believed that ($α$-d) and (${^3}He$ - ${^3}H$) represent equivalent states of ${^6}Li$. It is shown here that this is not correct. These two are actually orthogonal to each other. It is shown here that these two with very different shapes and forms actually co-exist for the ground state of ${^6}Li$. This shape co-existence is the same as similar phenomenon in heavy nuclei. The puzzling anomaly of extremely small branching ratio for beta delayed deuteron emission in ${^6}He$ is explained here. In addition the anomalously large branching ratio for beta delayed triton emission in ${^8}He$ is explained. The cluster structure of the ground state and of the low-lying states of ${^6}He$, ${^6}Li$ and ${^6}Be$ is clarified.
It is generally believed that quarks being confined inside nucleons should make their presence felt explictly in nuclei only at higher energies. However it is shown here that the hole in the centre of $ ^{3}H $, $ ^{3}He $ and $ ^{4}He $, the neutron halos in nuclei, the $ α- $ and other clustering effects in nuclei and the nuclear molecules all basically arise due to the same underlying quark effects. Also the role of triton clustering in very neutron rich nuclei is emphasized. These require the concept of hidden colour states which arise from the confinement ideas of QCD for the multi-quark systems.
It is shown here that the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics supports the view that gravity need not be quantized. It is shown that the SM gives a consistent description of the origin of the universe. It is guggested that the universe came into existence when the SM symmetry was broken spontaneously. This brings out a complete and consistent model of the physical universe in the framework of a "semiclassical quantum gravity" theory.
The most well tested and successful model of particle physics is the Standard Model (SM). It is shown here that the restoration of the full SM symmetry (as in the Early Universe) leads to the result that the electric charge loses all physical meaning and hence does not exist above this scale, As a direct consequence of this we show that `time', `light' along with its velocity c and therefore the theory of relativity, all lose any physical meaning. The space-time structure as known to us, disappears in this phase transition. Thus it is hypothesized that the Universe came into existence when the SM symmetry $ SU(3)_c \otimes SU(2)_L \otimes U(1)_Y $ was spontaneously broken to $ SU(3)_c \otimes U(1)_{em} $. This does not require any spurious extensions of the SM and in a natural and consistent manner explains the origin of the Universe within the framework of the SM itself. Thus the SM, in addition to all its successes, has within itself, the capablity of giving a consistent decription of the origin of the Universe.
It has been proven recently that the Standard Model of particle physics has electric charge quantization built into it. It has also been shown by the author that there was no electric charge in the early universe. Further it is shown here that the restoration of the full Standard Model symmetry (as in the Early Universe) leads to the result that `time', `light', along with it's velocity c and the theory of relativity, all lose any physical meaning. The physical Universe as we know it, with its space-time structure, disappears in this phase transition. Hence it is hypothesized here that the Universe came into existence when the Standard Model symmetry $SU(3)_C \otimes SU(2)_L \otimes U(1)_Y$ was spontaneously broken to $SU(3)_C \otimes U(1)_{em}$. This does not require any spurious extensions of the Standard Model and in a simple and consistent manner explains the origin of the Universe within the framework of the Standard Model itself.