arXiv subjects

Ali Muhammad

Publications and source records attributed to Ali Muhammad.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves in the supersymmetric 331 model from SU(6)

We study primordial black holes and scalar-induced gravitational waves in the supersymmetric 331 model based on SU(6). The inflaton continues to be the D-flat radial combination of the 331 symmetry-breaking fields Phi and Phi-bar, fields which are already accountable for the CMB branch. A gauge-invariant contribution that is localised in the Kaehler frame function causes the force in the Einstein frame to decrease over a finite range of the field and results in a temporary nonattractor phase. We calculate the supergravity potential and the radial metric, evolve the background and the Mukhanov-Sasaki modes, and assess the neutral covariant Hessian along the local region. The CMB trajectory is still in agreement with the present observational constraints while the curvature spectrum attains a value of P_zeta ~ 5.38 x 10^-3 when k ~ 1.88 x 10^13 Mpc^-1. The enhanced spectrum leads to a primordial black hole distribution with a mass comparable to that of an asteroid and to a maximum in the scalar-induced gravitational wave signal at a frequency of 3.17 x 10^-2 Hz with Omega_GW,0 h^2 ~ 9.41 x 10^-11. The local geometry also results in a clear hierarchy of sensitivities. The gravitational wave spectrum changes smoothly as one moves along nearby trajectories whereas the Gaussian tail of the primordial black hole distribution changes much more rapidly. The positive eigenvalues of the neutral transverse Hessian remain throughout the reference trajectory. A Gaussian critical collapse calculation yields a reference integrated primordial black hole fraction of near 9.08 x 10^-3, while recent nonlinear studies suggest significant corrections to the statistics of rare collapses at the scalar power achieved here.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone Boson Motion from Thermal Thresholds

Coherent motion of light scalar fields in the early Universe is typically attributed to an initial displacement, a primordial velocity, or a prescribed temperature-dependent potential. We identify a distinct microscopic mechanism in which differential thermal evolution of multiple non-aligned symmetry-breaking sources rotates the effective vacuum direction of a pseudo-Nambu--Goldstone boson (pNGB), driving motion from an initially stationary minimum. The mechanism is realized in the Majoron sector of a Type-I seesaw mechanism, where heavy neutrinos with separated thermal thresholds supply the required differential thermal evolution. For a representative benchmark, the thermal source direction rotates by $|Δθ_T|\simeq0.76$~rad and drives the Majoron to a peak velocity $|\dotθ|/H\simeq0.62$, while the field tracks the moving minimum to sub-milliradian accuracy. This establishes a microscopic finite-temperature origin for pNGB motion, with implications for spontaneous leptogenesis and, more generally, for any system with multiple non-aligned symmetry-breaking sources that evolve differently with temperature.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

The compressed bino--wino dark matter in the GmSUGRA and the LHC soft-lepton searches

The search for electroweak supersymmetric particles remains an important part of the LHC program since neutralinos and charginos with masses around a few hundred GeV are still compatible with the present constraints in compressed spectra. Run-2 searches for the ``golden channel'', $pp\to\widetildeχ_2^0\widetildeχ_1^\pm\to\widetildeχ_1^0 Z^{(*)}\widetildeχ_1^0 W^{\pm(*)}$, have reported mild excesses in parts of the soft two- and three-lepton data, with the corresponding simplified-model interpretations emphasizing $m_{\widetildeχ_2^0}\simeq m_{\widetildeχ_1^\pm}\gtrsim200$~GeV and a neutralino mass difference near $20$~GeV. We study this configuration in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) with the Generalized minimal Supergravity (GmSUGRA) boundary conditions, imposing the Higgs, flavor, collider, relic-density and direct-detection constraints relevant to the spectrum. For both signs of $μ$, the solutions compatible with the Planck experiment contain an almost pure bino $\widetildeχ_1^0$ with mass about $260$--$266$~GeV and a nearly degenerate wino-like $\widetildeχ_2^0/\widetildeχ_1^\pm$ pair near $280$~GeV. The resulting splitting, $Δm_{21}\simeq18.5$--$19.1$~GeV, lies in the mass-difference region probed by the ATLAS and CMS soft-lepton searches and places the $Z^{(*)}/W^{(*)}$ decays below the on-shell gauge-boson thresholds. The same compressed hierarchy keeps the wino states thermally populated during freeze-out, so bino-wino coannihilation yields a neutralino relic abundance consistent with the Planck experiment while the surviving solutions remain compatible with the direct-detection experimental bounds. Thus, the GmSUGRA boundary conditions provide a high-scale realization of the compressed bino-wino spectrum relevant to the LHC soft-lepton channel.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Thermal Higgsino Dark Matter in GmSUGRA for the LZ Event and Solar-Neutrino Constraint

We study the thermal Higgsino dark matter in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) with Generalized Minimal Supergravity (GmSUGRA) boundary conditions after the high-recoil event reported by the LUX--ZEPLIN experiment and the subsequent solar-neutrino limits inferred from IceCube data. The Higgs sector is implemented in a NUHM2-type parametrization with $μ$ and $m_A$ as inputs, while the supersymmetry breaking soft terms obey the non-universal GmSUGRA relations. The numerical scan contains a Planck-compatible Higgsino branch near the thermal mass, with the neutral-state splitting extending continuously from the few-hundred-keV region to the MeV scale. The part of this branch with $\dmchi\simeq0.3$--$0.4$ MeV overlaps the kinematic interval relevant to the LZ event, but is disfavored by the current solar-capture reinterpretations for a full-density thermal Higgsino. The same high-scale branch persists at larger splittings, including representative spectra with $\dmchi\simeq0.85$, $1.10$, and $1.34$ MeV, beyond the quoted solar-capture limits. Our results demonstrate that the mass and sub-MeV splitting favored by the LZ high-recoil interpretation can be realized dynamically within a GUT-motivated supersymmetric construction, without imposing the neutralino compression as a weak-scale input. The combined data therefore select different parts of a common GmSUGRA Higgsino branch rather than excluding the thermal Higgsino construction itself.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

LZ-Motivated Pseudo-Dirac Higgsinos in the Supersymmetric 331 Model from the Supersymmetric \texorpdfstring{$SU(6)$}{SU(6)} GUT Model

The high-recoil event reported by LUX--ZEPLIN motivates a neutral electroweak state with an inelastic splitting in the sub-MeV range. We propose supersymmetric 331 model from the supersymmetric $SU(6)$ GUT model, and we study the electroweakino sector relevant to this recoil. Above the $331$-breaking scale hypercharge is not an independent gauge factor, and the leading bino--wino cancellation is replaced by a relation between the physical $U(1)_X$ and $SU(3)_L$ gaugino invariants, $I_X=-I_L$. A singlet--adjoint gauge-kinetic source also correlates the colored invariant. We diagonalize the neutral gauge--Higgs fermion sector of the renormalizable model and determine the tree-level Higgsino splitting without introducing an effective bino mass by hand. The required solutions form a continuous locus in the gaugino and $331$-breaking parameters. At the reference point, the solution lies close to the leading sum rule, while variation of the $331$-breaking coupling moves the locus continuously. The same calculation tests the ordering of the additional neutral states, the gauge/gaugino contribution to the $331$-breaking scalar mass, and the gravitino ordering. We compare this construction with recent $SU(5)$, singlino-assisted, electroweak-multiplet, nuclear-response and solar-capture analyses of the LZ event.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Non-Minimal Dilaton Inflation from the Effective Gluodynamics

We develop a nonminimal dilaton-inflation model in which the inflaton is the lightest scalar excitation of a hidden confining gauge theory. The Migdal--Shifman anomaly-matching action fixes a logarithmic contribution to the scalar potential, $V_{\rm MS}=Aφ^4[\ln(φ/μ)-1/4]$, with $(A,μ)$ mapped to the scalar mass and vacuum condensate. Embedding this sector in the leading curved-space EFT introduces the independent Wilson coefficients $λ$ and $ξ$, and the resulting Einstein-frame dynamics yields a plateau with a calculable anomaly-induced deformation. We analyze the pure MS limit as a baseline, derive the $μ$--$λ$ reparametrization, state finite-window RG-control conditions, and impose both the nonminimal-gravity cutoff and the intrinsic confining-sector gap. Exact slow-roll scans show that the viable regime combines the usual large-$ξ$ attractor behavior with a logarithmic imprint tied directly to nonperturbative trace-anomaly matching.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Light Neutralino Dark Matter in a Supersymmetric Pati-Salam Framework

We investigate the low-energy phenomenology of the MSSM arising from the supersymmetric $SU(4)_C \times SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$ Pati-Salam framework, focusing on neutralino dark matter in bulk annihilation and Higgs/Z-funnel regions. Using a comprehensive parameter scan consistent with radiative electroweak symmetry breaking and a neutralino LSP, we analyze collider, flavor, and dark matter constraints for both signs of μ. To isolate genuine bulk annihilation from coannihilation, we impose the mass-splitting condition $\mathcal{R}_{\tildeϕ} \equiv (m_{\tildeϕ}-m_{\tildeχ_1^0})/m_{\tildeχ_1^0}\gtrsim 10\%$. We identify a viable bulk region with a bino-like LSP and a light right-handed stau NLSP. These solutions satisfy all experimental constraints, including LHC searches, flavor observables, and the Planck 2018 relic density, predicting upper bounds $m_{\tildeχ_1^0}\lesssim 110~{\rm GeV}$ and $m_{\tildeτ_1}\lesssim 120~{\rm GeV}$. This parameter space lies within the reach of future CEPC and FCC-ee colliders. We also analyze Higgs- and Z-funnel regions. Current direct-detection limits strongly constrain light Higgsino-assisted resonances for μ>0. Conversely, for μ<0, destructive interference in Higgs-mediated scattering suppresses the direct-detection cross section, allowing a viable Z-funnel region to survive below the projected LZ 1000-day sensitivity. These results highlight the negative-μ Pati-Salam framework as a predictive, testable scenario for upcoming dark matter and lepton collider experiments

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

Dilaton-Flattened Axion Inflation

We present a solvable same-sector effective theory for anomaly-inspired axion inflation, in which a heavy trace-anomaly mode dynamically backreacts on the axion potential. The tree-level elimination of the radial field resums the backreaction into a closed-form Lambert-$W$ potential, naturally flattening the hilltop potential without external plateau operators. By deriving the exact trough metric, we evaluate all the observables on the fully reduced one-field action, bypassing uncontrolled kinetic approximations. Calibrated at $N_\star=56$, reheating-compatible branches yield $r\simeq0.033$--$0.036$ and $α_s\simeq-(4.6$--$4.7)\times10^{-4}$, comfortably satisfying the current ACT/SPT/BICEP constraints. The evolution remains strictly adiabatic ($m_\perp^2/H^2\gtrsim6.1$, $Ω/H\lesssim7.6\times10^{-4}$) with negligible sound-speed and metric corrections. We provide analytic control over the constant-$w_{\rm eff}$ reheating map, the $N_{\rm re}=0$ boundary, and robustness against vacuum-offset deformations. This Lambert-$W$ backbone establishes a precise, deformable benchmark for confining axion inflation, with microscopic matching and reheating microphysics accessible as systematic EFT refinements.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2026

LHC Run-3, Dark Matter and Supersymmetric Spectra in the Supersymmetric Pati-Salam Model

Driven by the growing agreement between the experimentally measured muon anomalous magnetic moment and its SM prediction, we reexamine phenomenological consequences of the MSSM, which is embedded in the supersymmetric $SU(4)_C \times SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$ Pati-Salam model. In contrast to earlier studies that predominantly favored a specific sign for the Higgsino mass parameter, our analysis systematically explores both $μ> 0$, and $μ< 0$ scenarios in light of current collider, cosmological, and DM constraints. Within this framework, we identify viable parameter space regions where the observed DM relic density is reproduced through multiple mechanisms: co-annihilations involving sbottom-neutralino, gluino-neutralino, stop-neutralino, stau-neutralino, and chargino-neutralino coannihilation, as well as resonant s-annihilation channel via the pseudoscalar Higgs boson. We demonstrate that all such scenarios are consistent with present bounds from LHC supersymmetry searches, the Planck~2018 DM relic density bound, and current limits from DD DM searches. Our results reveal characteristic mass spectra associated with these mechanisms. In particular, sbottom-neutralino coannihilation typically requires sbottom masses near $2.8~\text{TeV}$, while gluino-neutralino and stop-neutralino coannihilation scenarios allow gluino masses in the range $1$--$3~\text{TeV}$ and stop masses between $1$ and $3.5~\text{TeV}$. In coannihilation-dominated regions, the stau and chargino masses may reach values as high as $3.8~\text{TeV}$, whereas viable $A$ resonance solutions are realized for pseudoscalar Higgs masses spanning approximately $1.6$--$3.8~\text{TeV}$. We anticipate that a portion of the parameter space will be accessible to supersymmetry searches in LHC Run-3 and future runs.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

The Light Neutralino Dark Matter at Future Colliders in the MSSM with the Generalized Minimal Supergravity (GmSUGRA)

We perform a detailed investigation of light right-handed slepton bulk regions, together with the Higgs- and $Z$-resonance regimes, in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) with Generalized Minimal Supergravity (GmSUGRA), focusing on the higgsino mass parameter scenario $μ< 0$, given that the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon may now be consistent with the Standard Model (SM) prediction. A systematic numerical exploration of the parameter space is carried out, where the bulk region is conservatively defined by the mass-splitting ratio \[ \mathcal{R}_{\tildeϕ} = \frac{m_{\tildeϕ} - m_{\tildeχ_1^0}}{m_{\tildeχ_1^0}} \gtrsim 10\%. \] In particular, we analyze the case in which the right-handed stau ($\tildeτ_R$) emerges as the Next-to-Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (NLSP). We uncover a sizeable parameter space consistent with current experimental bounds, including limits from LHC supersymmetry searches, the Planck 2018 relic density measurement, and direct detection constraints on neutralino-nucleon scattering. This region naturally accommodates bulk annihilation channels mediated by right-handed sleptons. We obtain robust upper bounds on the masses of the lightest neutralino, $m_{\tildeχ_1^0} \lesssim 143~\text{GeV}$, and the right-handed stau, $m_{\tildeτ_R} \lesssim 158~\text{GeV}$. The identified bulk region lies within the prospective reach of forthcoming dark matter direct detection facilities such as LUX-ZEPLIN, as well as future high-energy $e^+e^-$ colliders including FCC$_{\text{ee}}$ and CEPC. Conversely, scenarios with the right-handed selectron as the NLSP have already been excluded by current LHC data. Furthermore, the parameter space consistent with our findings yields contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $a_μ= (g_μ- 2)/2$.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Revisiting the Electroweak Supersymmetry from the Generalized Minimal Supergravity

We explore the Electroweak Supersymmetry (EWSUSY) scenario within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) under the Generalized Minimal Supergravity (GmSUGRA) framework, given that the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon may now be consistent with the Standard Model (SM) prediction, we consider both signs of the Higgsino mass parameter, $μ< 0$ and $μ> 0$. A comprehensive scan of the parameter space is performed, subject to the experimental constraints from the LHC SUSY searches, Planck 2018 relic density, and LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) direct detection limits. We identify the viable regions featuring neutralino dark matter production via coannihilation with stau, chargino, stop, sbottom, and gluino, as well as through $A$-funnel, Higgs-resonance, and $Z$-resonance mechanisms. Notably, the $μ< 0$ scenario yields a broader allowed parameter space, including for the first time sbottom-neutralino coannihilation solutions in GmSUGRA, which are absent for $μ> 0$. While the Higgs-pole and $Z$-pole regions for $μ> 0$ are largely excluded by the current LZ bounds, substantial viable regions remain for $μ< 0$. Gluino coannihilation scenarios are strongly constrained by the current LHC data. The characteristic mass ranges of interest include sbottoms (0.7-1.3~TeV), stops (up to 1.0~TeV for $μ> 0$ and 1.3~TeV for $μ< 0$), staus and charginos (up to 1.5~TeV), and pseudoscalar Higgs bosons in the $A$-funnel (0.4-1.4~TeV). Moreover, the supersymmetric contributions to the muon anomalous magnetic moment remain within a $2σ$ deviation from the SM prediction. And our findings suggest that significant portions of the parameter space can be probed at the future LHC SUSY searches and upcoming dark matter direct detection experiments.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

Revisiting the Realistic Intersecting D6-Brane Model with positive and negative μ Terms

In light of current constraints from supersymmetry (SUSY) searches within the LHC, as well as findings from direct dark matter detection experiments such as LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ), we revisit the three-family Pati-Salam model derived from intersecting D6-branes in Type IIA string theory compactified on the $T^6/(\mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2)$ orientifold, known for its realistic low-energy phenomenology. Since the muon anomalous magnetic moment might be in accordance with the Standard Model prediction, we conduct a comprehensive scan over the model's parameter space for each sign of the Higgsino mass parameter, $μ< 0$ and $μ> 0$. We find that the gravitino mass is typically greater than 1.5 TeV in both scenarios while simultaneously satisfying the LHC SUSY bounds, B-physics observables, and the Higgs mass constraint. Within the experimentally viable region of the parameter space, the sparticle mass spectra fall within the following ranges: gluinos lie in the range 2-18 TeV; first- and second-generation squarks and sleptons span 3-16 TeV and 1-6 TeV, respectively. For third-generation sfermions, the lightest stop, which can satisfy the dark matter relic density via neutralino-stop coannihilation consistent with the \textit{Planck} 5$σ$ bounds, has a mass in the range 0.5-1.2 TeV. The lightest neutralino can be as heavy as 2.9 TeV. Additionally, the lightest stau can be as light as 200 GeV or as heavy as 5.2 TeV. We identify several viable mechanisms, including multiple coannihilation channels and resonance mechanisms, by which the observed dark matter relic abundance is successfully realized.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2025

The Light Neutralino Dark Matter in the Generalized Minimal Supergravity (GmSUGRA)

We investigate both the $Z$ and $H$ poles solutions for the Higgsino mass parameter $μ>0$ and $μ<0$ for the neutralino dark matter in light of the LHC supersymmetry searches and the direct detection dark matter experiments, LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ), in the Generalized Minimal Supergravity (GmSUGRA). Our study indicates that the latest experimental constraints from the LHC and LZ Collaborations exclude the light Higgsinos in the $Z$ and $H$ pole regions for the $μ>0$ case. Interestingly, for the $μ< 0$ case, a very light Higgsinos can still be consistent with the current constraints from the electroweakino searches and LZ experiment in the $Z$ and $H$ poles. Consequently, the $μ< 0$ case appears more promising and thus requires the dedicated efforts to make definitive conclusions about their current status from the experimental Collaborations. In this framework, our findings indicate a deviation of up to $2σ$ from the central value of $ a_μ\equiv (g-2)_μ/2 $, resonating with the experimental results reported by CMD and BDM.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

CBAM-SwinT-BL: Small Rail Surface Defect Detection Method Based on Swin Transformer with Block Level CBAM Enhancement

Under high-intensity rail operations, rail tracks endure considerable stresses resulting in various defects such as corrugation and spellings. Failure to effectively detect defects and provide maintenance in time would compromise service reliability and public safety. While advanced models have been developed in recent years, efficiently identifying small-scale rail defects has not yet been studied, especially for categories such as Dirt or Squat on rail surface. To address this challenge, this study utilizes Swin Transformer (SwinT) as baseline and incorporates the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) for enhancement. Our proposed method integrates CBAM successively within the swin transformer blocks, resulting in significant performance improvement in rail defect detection, particularly for categories with small instance sizes. The proposed framework is named CBAM-Enhanced Swin Transformer in Block Level (CBAM-SwinT-BL). Experiment and ablation study have proven the effectiveness of the framework. The proposed framework has a notable improvement in the accuracy of small size defects, such as dirt and dent categories in RIII dataset, with mAP-50 increasing by +23.0% and +38.3% respectively, and the squat category in MUET dataset also reaches +13.2% higher than the original model. Compares to the original SwinT, CBAM-SwinT-BL increase overall precision around +5% in the MUET dataset and +7% in the RIII dataset, reaching 69.1% and 88.1% respectively. Meanwhile, the additional module CBAM merely extend the model training speed by an average of +0.04s/iteration, which is acceptable compared to the significant improvement in system performance.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2023

Advanced Efficient Strategy for Detection of Dark Objects Based on Spiking Network with Multi-Box Detection

Several deep learning algorithms have shown amazing performance for existing object detection tasks, but recognizing darker objects is the largest challenge. Moreover, those techniques struggled to detect or had a slow recognition rate, resulting in significant performance losses. As a result, an improved and accurate detection approach is required to address the above difficulty. The whole study proposes a combination of spiked and normal convolution layers as an energy-efficient and reliable object detector model. The proposed model is split into two sections. The first section is developed as a feature extractor, which utilizes pre-trained VGG16, and the second section of the proposal structure is the combination of spiked and normal Convolutional layers to detect the bounding boxes of images. We drew a pre-trained model for classifying detected objects. With state of the art Python libraries, spike layers can be trained efficiently. The proposed spike convolutional object detector (SCOD) has been evaluated on VOC and Ex-Dark datasets. SCOD reached 66.01% and 41.25% mAP for detecting 20 different objects in the VOC-12 and 12 objects in the Ex-Dark dataset. SCOD uses 14 Giga FLOPS for its forward path calculations. Experimental results indicated superior performance compared to Tiny YOLO, Spike YOLO, YOLO-LITE, Tinier YOLO and Center of loc+Xception based on mAP for the VOC dataset.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2023

Entropy Bounds for Self-shrinkers with Symmetries

In this work we derive explicit entropy bounds for two classes of closed self-shrinkers: the class of embedded closed self-shrinkers recently constructed in arXiv:2207.04851 using isoparametric foliations of spheres, and the class of compact non-spherical immersed rotationally symmetric self-shrinkers. These bounds generalize the entropy bounds found in arXiv:2202.08641 on the space of complete embedded rotationally symmetric self-shrinkers.

math.DG↗

arXiv2022

Entropy Bounds, Compactness and Finiteness Theorems for Embedded Self-shrinkers with Rotational Symmetry

In this work, we study the space of complete embedded rotationally symmetric self-shrinking hypersurfaces in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$. First, using comparison geometry in the context of metric geometry, we derive explicit upper bounds for the entropy of all such self-shrinkers. Second, as an application we prove a smooth compactness theorem on the space of all such shrinkers. We also prove that there are only finitely many such self-shrinkers with an extra reflection symmetry.

math.DG↗

arXiv2022

Optimizing Information Freshness Leveraging Multi-RISs in NOMA-based IoT Networks

This paper investigates the benefits of integrating multiple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) in enhancing the timeliness performance of uplink Internet-of-Things (IoT) network, where IoT devices (IoTDs) upload their time-stamped status update information to a base station (BS) using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). Accounting to the potential unreliable wireless channels due to the impurities of the propagation environments, such as deep fading, blockages, etc., multiple RISs are deployed in the considered IoT network to mitigate the propagation-induced impairments, to enhance the quality of the wireless links, and to ensure that the required freshness of information is achieved. In this setup, an optimization problem has been formulated to minimize the average sum Age of Information (AoI) by optimizing the transmit power of the IoTDs, the IoTDs clustering policy, and the RISs configurations. The formulated problem ends up to be a mixed-integer non-convex problem. In order to tackle this challenge, the RISs configurations are first obtained by adopting a semi-definite relaxation (SDR) approach. Then, the joint power allocation and user-clustering problem is solved using the concept of bi-level optimization, where the original problem is decomposed into an outer IoTDs clustering problem and an inner power allocation problem. Optimal closed-form expressions are derived for the inner problem and the Hungarian method is invoked to solve the outer problem. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed approach achieves lowest AoI compared to the other baseline approaches.

cs.IT↗