arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Andrea Merlo.
This paper is devoted to the study of tangential properties of measures with density in the Heisenberg groups $\mathbb{H}^n$. Among other results we prove that measures with $(2n+1)$-density have only flat tangents and conclude the classification of uniform measures in $\mathbb{H}^1$.
In magnetic confinement fusion research, the achievement of high plasma pressure is key to reaching the goal of net energy production. The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model is used to self-consistently calculate the effects the plasma pressure induces on the magnetic field used to confine the plasma. Such MHD calculations serve as input for the assessment of a number of important physics questions. The VMEC code is the most widely used to evaluate 3D ideal-MHD equilibria, as prominently present in stellarators. However, considering the computational cost, it is rarely used in large-scale or online applications. Access to fast MHD equilbria is a challenging problem in fusion research, one which machine learning could effectively address. In this paper, we present artificial neural network (NN) models able to quickly compute the equilibrium magnetic field of W7-X. Magnetic configurations that extensively cover the device operational space, and plasma profiles with volume averaged normalized plasma pressure $\langle β\rangle$ ($β$ = $\frac{2 μ_0 p}{B^2}$) up to 5% and non-zero net toroidal current are included in the data set. By using convolutional layers, the spectral representation of the magnetic flux surfaces can be efficiently computed with a single network. To discover better models, a Bayesian hyper-parameter search is carried out, and 3D convolutional neural networks are found to outperform feed-forward fully-connected neural networks. The achieved normalized root-mean-squared error ranges from 1% to 20% across the different scenarios. The model inference time for a single equilibrium is on the order of milliseconds. Finally, this work shows the feasibility of a fast NN drop-in surrogate model for VMEC, and it opens up new operational scenarios where target applications could make use of magnetic equilibria at unprecedented scales.
In the setting of Carnot groups, we exhibit examples of intrinisc Lipschitz curves of positive $\mathcal{H}^1$-measure that intersect every connected intrinsic Lipschitz curve in a $\mathcal{H}^1$-negligible set. As a consequence such curves cannot be extended to connected intrinsic Lipschitz curves. The examples are constructed in the Engel group and in the free Carnot group of step 3 and rank 2. While the failure of the Lipschitz extension property was already known for some pairs of Carnot groups, ours is the first example of the analogous phenomenon for intrinsic Lipschitz graphs. This is in sharp contrast with the Euclidean case.
We show that if a measure of dimension $s$ on $\mathbb{R}^d$ admits $(p,q)$ Fourier restriction for some endpoint exponents allowed by its dimension, namely $q=\tfrac{s}{d}p'$ for some $p>1$, then it is either absolutely continuous or $1$-purely unrectifiable.
This paper deals with the theory of rectifiability in arbitrary Carnot groups, and in particular with the study of the notion of $\mathscr{P}$-rectifiable measure. First, we show that in arbitrary Carnot groups the natural \textit{infinitesimal} definition of rectifiabile measure, i.e., the definition given in terms of the existence of \textit{flat} tangent measures, is equivalent to the global definition given in terms of coverings with intrinsically differentiable graphs, i.e., graphs with \textit{flat} Hausdorff tangents. In general we do not have the latter equivalence if we ask the covering to be made of intrinsically Lipschitz graphs. Second, we show a geometric area formula for the centered Hausdorff measure restricted to intrinsically differentiable graphs in arbitrary Carnot groups. The latter formula extends and strengthens other area formulae obtained in the literature in the context of Carnot groups. As an application, our analysis allows us to prove the intrinsic $C^1$-rectifiability of almost all the preimages of a large class of Lipschitz functions between Carnot groups. In particular, from the latter result, we obtain that any geodesic sphere in a Carnot group equipped with an arbitrary left-invariant homogeneous distance is intrinsic $C^1$-rectifiable.
We provide a Rademacher theorem for intrinsically Lipschitz functions $ϕ:U\subseteq \mathbb W\to \mathbb L$, where $U$ is a Borel set, $\mathbb W$ and $\mathbb L$ are complementary subgroups of a Carnot group, where we require that $\mathbb L$ is a normal subgroup. Our hypotheses are satisfied for example when $\mathbb W$ is a horizontal subgroup. Moreover, we provide an area formula for this class of intrinsically Lipschitz functions.
In this paper we prove that the typical Lipschitz function has no directional derivative at any point of a Borel set $E$ if and only if $E$ is contained in a countable union of closed purely unrectifiable sets.