arXiv subjects

Antonio Alfonso-Faus

Publications and source records attributed to Antonio Alfonso-Faus.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2014

Two restrictions in the theories that include $G(t)$ and $c(t)$ varying with time

Much work has been done taking into account the possibility that the gravitational {\it constant} $G$ may vary with cosmological time $t$ (or with the cosmological scale factor $a(t)$). The same may be said about the speed of light $c$. We present here two important remarks on these subject. These remarks include $G(t)$ and $c(t)$ varying with time with the restriction $8 πG / c^4 = \hbox{constant}$

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

Seeable universe and its accelerated expansion: an observational test

From the equivalence principle, one gets the strength of the gravitational effect of a mass $M$ on the metric at position r from it. It is proportional to the dimensionless parameter $β^2 = 2GM/rc^2$, which normally is $<< 1$. Here $G$ is the gravitational constant, $M$ the mass of the gravitating body, $r$ the position of the metric from the gravitating body and $c$ the speed of light. The seeable universe is the sphere, with center at the observer, having a size such that it shall contain all light emitted within it. For this to occur one can impose that the gravitational effect on the velocity of light at $r$ is zero for the radial component, and non zero for the tangential one. Light is then trapped. The condition is given by the equality $R_g = 2GM/c^2$, where $R_g$ represents the radius of the {\it seeable} universe. It is the gravitational radius of the mass $M$. The result has been presented elsewhere as the condition for the universe to be treated as a black hole. According to present observations, for the case of our universe taken as flat ($k = 0$), and the equation of state as $p = - ρc^2$, we prove here from the Einstein's cosmological equations that the universe is expanding in an accelerated way as $t^2$, a constant acceleration as has been observed. This implies that the gravitational radius of the universe (at the event horizon) expands as $t^2$. Taking $c$ as constant, observing the galaxies deep in space this means deep in time as $ct$, linear. Then, far away galaxies from the observer that we see today will disappear in time as they get out of the distance ct that is $< R_g$. The accelerated expanding vacuum will drag them out of sight. This may be a valid test for the present ideas in cosmology. Previous calculations are here halved by our results.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

Fundamental Principle of Information-to-Energy Conversion

The equivalence of 1 bit of information to entropy was given by Landauer in 1961 as kln2, k the Boltzmann constant. Erasing information implies heat dissipation and the energy of 1 bit would then be (the Landauers limit) kT ln 2, T being the ambient temperature. From a quantum-cosmological point of view the minimum quantum of energy in the universe corresponds today to a temperature of 10^(-29) degrees K, probably forming a cosmic background of a Bose condensate [1]. Then, the bit with minimum energy today in the Universe is a quantum of energy 10^(-45)ergs, with an equivalent mass of 10^(-66)g. Low temperature implies low energy per bit and, of course, this is the way for faster and less energy dissipating computing devices. Our conjecture is this: the possibility of a future access to the CBBC (a coupling/channeling?) would mean a huge jump in the performance of these devices.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

Cosmic Background Bose Condensation (CBBC)

Degeneracy effects for bosons are more important for smaller particle mass, smaller temperature and higher number density. Bose condensation requires that particles be in the same lowest energy quantum state. We propose a cosmic background Bose condensation, present everywhere, whith its particles having the lowest quantum energy state, $\hbar c / λ$, with $λ$ about the size of the visible universe, and therefore unlocalized. This we identify with the quantum of the self gravitational potential energy of any particle, and with the bit of information of minimum energy. The entropy of the universe ($\sim 10^{122} \ bits$) has the highest number density ($ \sim 10^{36} \ bits / cm^3$) of particles inside the visible universe, the smallest mass, $\sim 10^{-66} g$, and the smallest temperature, $\sim 10^{-29} K$. Therefore it is the best candidate for a Cosmic Background Bose Condensation (CBBC), a completely calmed fluid, with no viscosity, in a superfluidity state, and possibly responsible for the expansion of the universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2012

Bekenstein and the Holographic Principle: Upper bounds for Entropy

Using the Bekenstein upper bound for the ratio of the entropy $S$ of any bounded system, with energy $E = Mc^2$ and effective size $R$, to its energy $E$ i.e. $S/E < 2πk R/\hbar c$, we combine it with the holographic principle (HP) bound ('t Hooft and Susskind) which is $S \le πk c^3R^2/\hbar G$. We find that, if both bounds are identical, such bounded system is a black hole (BH). For a system that is not a BH the two upper bounds are different. The entropy of the system must obey the lowest bound. If the bounds are proportional, the result is the proportionality between the mass M of the system and its effective size $R$. When the constant of proportionality is $2G/c^2$ the system in question is a BH, and the two bounds are identical. We analyze the case for a universe. Then the universe is a BH in the sense that its mass $M$ and its Hubble size $R \approx ct$, t the age of the universe, follow the Schwarzschild relation $2GM/c^2 = R$. Finally, for a BH, the Hawking and Unruh temperatures are the same. Applying this to a universe they define the quantum of mass $\sim 10^{-66} g$ for our universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2012

Expanding versus non expanding universe

In cosmology the number of scientists using the framework of an expanding universe is very high. This model, the big-bang, is now overwhelmingly present in almost all aspects of society. It is the main stream cosmology of today. A small number of scientists are researching on the possibility of a non-expanding universe. The existence of these two groups, one very large and the other very small, is a good proof of the use of the scientific method: it does not drive to an absolute certainty. All models have to be permanently validated, falsified. Ockham's razor, a powerful philosophical tool, will probably change the amount of scientists working in each of these groups. We present here a model where a big-bang is unnecessary. It ends, in a finite time, in a second INFLATION, or a disaggregation to infinity. We also discuss the possibilities of a non-expanding universe model. Only a few references will be cited, mainly concerned with our own work in the past, thus purposely avoiding citing the many thousands of professionals working in this field.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2012

Underpinning the universe: its scales, holography and fractality

We expand on the general concept of a universe. We identify physics as a unit applied to a universe. Then we generalize the concept of a quantum black hole, and apply it to the unit of a universe. We find that only one parameter, the Pin, is needed to define all its physical properties. Here we present three significant quantum black holes, three scales: Planck's, sub- Planck and our own universe as a whole. Then we revise the holographic and fractal properties, and propose a sequential growing process to explain the evolution and the basic structure of our universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Quantization of the universe as a black hole

It has been shown that black holes can be quantized by using Bohr's idea of quantizing the motion of an electron inside the atom. We apply these ideas to the universe as a whole. This approach reinforces the suggestion that it may be a way to unify gravity with quantum theory.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

On the nature of the outward pressure in the Universe (II)

In Plasma Physics the concept of the Debye length \lambdaD is defined. This length gives the size of a volume such that from outside it the inside electrical charges, positive and negative, electrically screen each other. Given the enormous electrical potential that would develop with no screening, we conjecture that the size of the Universe R, as given by the speed of light c and its age t, R \approx ct, cannot be very much lower than the Debye length. It turns out that it is about 1/3 \lambdaD. Hence inside the volume of size ct there is an otward electrical pressure due to the lack of complete electrical screening of the charges. The Universe does not collapse under its own gravitational attraction, and we present the possibility that this is due to the effect of the repulsive forces of these electrical charges. May be there is too some other mechanism. There is strong evidence today in support of the idea that space is not only expanding but doing it in an accelerated way. We find a large number, 5x1060 that converts Planck's unit of mass, length, time, charge e and angular momentum \hbar, into the mass M, size ct, age t, total charge Q and (possibly) angular momentum of the Universe in a scale like way. It defines a black hole of mass M \approx 1056gr., size 1028 cm., characteristic time 5x1017sec, charge Q \approx 3.5 x1061e and maximum angular momentum \Hbar \approx 10121 \hbar which we identify with our Universe. The solution to the Einstein cosmological equations, including an electrical pressure due to the charge Q, is in agreement with the value of the cosmological parameters currently reported. An argument in favour of a hidden value of the curvature parameter Ωk \approx 1 is also presented here.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Universality of the self gravitational potential energy of any fundamental particle

Using the relation proposed by Weinberg in 1972, combining quantum and cosmological parameters, we prove that the self gravitational potential energy of any fundamental particle is a quantum, with physical properties independent of the mass of the particle. It is a universal quantum of gravitational energy, and its physical properties depend only on the cosmological scale factor R and the physical constants \hbar and c. We propose a modification of the Weinberg's relation, keeping the same numerical value, but substituting the cosmological parameter H/c by 1/R.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Quantum gravity and information theories linked by the physical properties of the bit

Quantum gravity, and quantum cosmology, is not yet a complete nor consistent theory. One of the reasons for this is that the identification of the quantum of gravity is still very elusive. Here we show that the quantum of gravity is the minimum quantum of energy in nature, and we identify its physical properties. On the other hand, information theory has at its base the unit of information, the bit, and relies upon this entity that has no clear or definitely identified physical properties either. Here we prove that the bit has the absolute minimum of energy, and that it is the quantum of gravitational potential energy. Therefore the physics of the quantum of gravity and the physics of the quantum of information are parallel. We identify the entropy of 1 bit with the Boltzmann constant k, 61 orders of magnitude below the Planck scale as of today. It is the unit of entropy. These findings move forward the state of the art of two very important fields: quantum gravity and information theories. A new insight is also given for information entropy. We obtain these results thanks to the combination of two important contributions to science from the past: Weinberg relation and the Bekenstein maximum information limit.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Evidence for a disaggregation of the universe

Combining the kinematical definitions of the two dimensionless parameters, the deceleration q(x) and the Hubble t0H(x), we get a differential equation (where x = t/t0 is the age of the universe relative to its present value t0). First integration gives the function H(x). The present values of the Hubble parameter H(1) [approximately t0H(1) \approx 1], and the deceleration parameter [approximately q(1)\approx - 0.5], determine the function H(x). A second integration gives the cosmological scale factor a(x). Differentiation of a(x) gives the speed of expansion of the universe. The evolution of the universe that results from our approach is: an initial extremely fast exponential expansion (inflation), followed by an almost linear expansion (first decelerated, and later accelerated). For the future, at approximately t \approx 3t0 there is a final exponential expansion, a second inflation that produces a disaggregation of the universe to infinity. We find the necessary and sufficient conditions for this disaggregation to occur. The precise value of the final age is given only with one parameter: the present value of the deceleration parameter q(1) \approx - 0.5]. This emerging picture of the history of the universe represents an important challenge, an opportunity for the immediate research on the Universe. These conclusions have been elaborated without the use of any particular cosmological model of the universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Cosmology, Holography, the Brain and the Quantum Vacuum

Cosmology, as a science, started at the beginning of the last century with the advent of the Einstein cosmological equations. Based on these equations, the present main stream cosmological model is the well known big-bang, this name unwillingly coined by Fred Hoyle many years ago. Relatively recent additions to this model have been inflation, dark matter and dark energy. We present a smoothly behaved new cosmological model that mainly takes into account the dark part of the Universe. We consider it as the background frame, the substrate, of what we see. The inclusion of the holographic principle clarifies the entropy problem that we also apply to the human brain. We take it as an engineering information center. Finally, the inclusion of the quantum vacuum in this scene creates an important challenge, an opportunity for future research in the knowledge of the Universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2010

Entropy, Gravity and the Mass-Boom

Verlinde presents the gravitational force as due to gradients of entropy, an emergent force, with far reaching consequences. Using the Hawking-Bekenstein entropy formulation, we arrive at the conclusion that the Mass-Boom effect, presented elsewhere, forces the entropy of the universe to increase. Then the Mass-Boom is directly related to the existence of gravity. The principle of Mach implies that the Mass-Boom is responsible for the expansion of the universe. Thus, the Mass-Boom effect is a necessary condition for: 1) the increase of entropy with time, 2) the existence of gravity, and 3) for the expansion of the universe. The universe seems to initially appear and grow out of polarization: positive mass-boom (energy) versus negative gravitational potential energy boom, adding both always to zero. Polarization is then the cause of creation and evolution of the universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2010

Sources of cosmic microwave radiation and dark matter identified: millimeter black holes (m.b.h.)

The universe is filled with blackbody millimeter radiation (CMBR), temperature 2.7° Kelvin[1]. Big-bang cosmology explains this by the initial thermalization of photons scattered by electrons[2]. This explanation requires ad hoc previous existence of photons and thermal electrons. On the other hand most of the mass of the universe is unknown dark matter3. It explains anomalous dynamical properties, like that of stars in galaxies[4,5,6] . Alternatively the anomalies have been explained by adjusting and modifying well known laws ("Modified Newtonian dynamics"[7]). Here we show that millimeter black holes (m.b.h.) explain both: the background radiation, by its partial "evaporation", and the dark matter. Black holes emit blackbody radiation (Hawking[8] evaporation), and this is what is observed in the CMBR. Millimeter size black holes emit blackbody radiation at a temperature of 2.7° Kelvin, and this is the resulting CMBR . Partial evaporation of ~10^30 m.b.h. gives the observed background field of photons being emitted and absorbed at the same rate by the m.b.h. The number of photons is constant, as observed. Their temperature decreases with time because the mass of the m.b.h. (and therefore its size) increases with time (the mass-boom effect[9]). The total mass of the m.b.h. is the dark matter. Hence dark matter is not so "dark" after all. Two important cosmological items are here identified by only one source: millimeter black holes.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2010

Non-expanding universe: a cosmological system of units

The product of two empirical constants, the dimensionless fine structure constant and the von Klitzing constant (an electrical resistance), turns out to be an exact dimensionless number. Then the accuracy and cosmological time variation (if any) of these two constants are tied. Also this product defines a natural unit of electrical resistance, the inverse of a quantum of conductance. When the speed of light c is taken away from the fine structure constant, as has been shown elsewhere, its constancy implies the constancy of the ratio e2/h (the inverse of the von Klitzing constant), e the charge of the electron and h Planck constant. This forces the charge of the electron e to be constant as long as the action h (an angular momentum) is a true constant too. From the constancy of the Rydberg constant the Compton wavelength, h/mc, is then a true constant and consequently there is no expansion at the quantum mechanical level. The momentum mc is also a true constant and then general relativity predicts that the universe is not expanding, as shown elsewhere. The time variation of the speed of light explains the observed Hubble red shift. And there is a mass-boom effect. From this a coherent cosmological system of constant units can be defined.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

The case for the Universe to be a quantum black hole

We present a necessary and sufficient condition for an object of any mass m to be a quantum black hole (q.b.h.): The product of the cosmological constant lambda and the Planck constant h, lambda and h corresponding to the scale defined by this q.b.h., must be of order one in a certain universal system of units. In this system the numerical values known for lambda are of order one in cosmology and about 10^122 for Planck scale. Proving that in this system the value of the cosmological h is of order one, while the value of h for the Planck scale is about 10^(-122), both scales satisfy the condition to be a q.b.h., i.e. lambda x h of order 1. In this sense the Universe is a q.b.h..We suggest that these objects, being q.b.h., give us the linkage between thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and general relativity, at least for the scale of a closed Universe and for the Planck scale. A mathematical transformation may refer these scales as corresponding to infinity (our universe) and zero (Planck universe), in a scale relativity sense.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

The case for a non-expanding universe

We present the results of two empirical constancies: the fine structure constant and the Rydberg constant. When the speed of light c is taken away from the fine structure constant, as shown elsewhere, this constancy implies the constancy of the ratio e^2/h, e the charge of the electron and h Planck constant. This forces the charge of the electron e to be constant as long as the action h (an angular momentum) is a true constant too. Then the constancy of the Rydberg expression implies that the momentum mc is also a true constant. This is just the second law of Newton. The Compton wavelength, h/mc, is then a true constant and there is no expansion at the quantum mechanical level. General relativity then predicts that the universe is not expanding. It is the only solution for cosmology. The time variation of the speed of light explains the observed red shift.

physics.gen-ph↗