arXiv subjects

Antonio Alfonso-Faus

Publications and source records attributed to Antonio Alfonso-Faus.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2009

Fractal universe and the speed of light: Revision of the universal constants

We apply the property of selfsimilarity that corresponds to the concept of a fractal universe, to the dimension of time. It follows that any interval of time, given by any tick of any clock, is proportional to the age of the universe. The fractality of time gives the fractality of space and mass. First consequence is that the speed of light decreases inversely proportional to time, same as the Hubble parameter. We then revise the universal constants and, at the cosmological scale, they are all of order one, as Dirac proposed. We find three different scales, each one separated by a factor of about 5x10^60: the universe, the Planck scale and what we call the sub Planck scale. Integration of the Einstein cosmological equations, for this fractal universe, gives the solution of a non-expanding universe with the present value of the observed numerical parameters. The red shift measured from the distant galaxies is interpreted here as due to the decreasing speed of light in a fractal universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

Artificial contradiction between cosmology and particle physics: the lambda problem

It is shown that the usual choice of units obtained by taking G = c = Planck constant = 1, giving the Planck units of mass, length and time, introduces an artificial contradiction between cosmology and particle physics: the lambda problem that we associate with Planck constant. We note that the choice of Planck constant = 1 does not correspond to the scale of quantum physics. For this scale we prove that the correct value is Planck constant \hbar; 1/10^122, while the choice of Planck constant = 1 corresponds to the cosmological scale. This is due to the scale factor of 10^61 that converts the Planck scale to the cosmological scale. By choosing the ratio G/c^3 = constant = 1, which includes the choice G = c = 1, and the momentum conservation mc = constant, we preserve the derivation of the Einstein field equations from the action principle. Then the product Gm/c^2 = rg, the gravitational radius of m, is constant. For a quantum black hole we prove that Planck constant \hbar; rg^2 \hbar; (mc)^2. We also prove that the product lambda x Planck constant is a general constant of order one, for any scale. The cosmological scale implies lambda \hbar; Planck constant \hbar; 1, while the Planck scale gives lambda \hbar; 1/Planck constant \hbar; 10^122. This explains the lambda problem. We get two scales: the cosmological quantum black hole (QBH), size Λ; 10^28 cm, and the quantum black hole (qbh) that includes the fundamental particles scale, size Λ; 10^-13 cm, as well as the Planck scale, size Λ; 10^-33 cm.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

On the nature of the outward pressure in the Universe

Plasma Physics defines the concept of the Debye length. Given the enormous electrical potential that would develop with no screening, we conjecture that the size of the Universe,as given by the speed of light c and its age t, ct, cannot be very much lower than the Debye length. The Debye length of the Universe must be of the order of its size ct.It turns out that it is about 6 times larger. Hence inside the volume of size ct there is an outward electrical pressure due to the lack of complete screening of the electrical charges. We suggest that these charges are related to the vacuum fluctuations. To the question of why the Universe does not collapse under its own gravitational attraction we analyze the possibility to answer this by the effect of the repulsive forces of these electrical charges. Evidence in support of the idea that space is not expanding is growing more and more in the scientific literature. As a frame of work we consider the model of a constant size Universe that implies a constant equilibrium between the gravitational (GM2/R2) and the electrical forces (Q2/R2). We find a large number, 5x10^60 that converts Planck units of mass, length, time, charge e and angular momentum h, into the mass M, size ct, age t, total charge Q and angular momentum of the Universe as in a scale-like way. It defines a black hole of mass M 10^56gr., size 10^28 cm., characteristic time 5x10^17sec, charge Q 3.3x10^60 e and maximum angular momentum H 10^120 h which is our Universe. We are inside it, a part of it. The solution to the Einstein cosmological equations, including an electrical pressure due to the charge Q, is in agreement with the value of the cosmological parameters currently reported.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2008

Zeldovich Lambda and Weinberg Relation: An Explanation for the Cosmological Coincidences

In 1937 Dirac proposed the large number hypothesis (LNH). The idea was to explain that these numbers were large because the Universe is old. A time variation of certain constants was assumed. So far, no experimental evidence has significantly supported this time variation. Here we present a simplified cosmological model. We propose a new cosmological system of units, including a cosmological Planck constant that absorbs the well known large number 10120. With this new Planck constant no large numbers appear at the cosmological level. They appear at lower levels, e.g. at the quantum world. We note here that Zeldovich formula, for the cosmological constant, is equivalent to the Weinberg relation. The immediate conclusion is that the speed of light c must be proportional to the Hubble parameter H, and therefore decrease with time. We find that the gravitational radius of the Universe and its size are one and the same constant (Mach principle). The usual cosmological omega parameters for mass, lambda and curvature turn out to be all constants of order one. The anthropic principle is not necessary in this theory. It is shown that a factor of 1061converts in this theory a Planck fluctuation (a quantum black hole) into a cosmological quantum black hole: the Universe today. General relativity and quantum mechanics give the same local solution of an expanding Universe with the law const. t. This constant is just the speed of light today. Then the Hubble parameter is exactly H = 1/t.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2008

Three findings to model a quantum-gravitational theory

In 1967 Zeldovich expressed the cosmological constant lambda in terms of G, m and h, the gravitational constant, the mass of a fundamental particle and Plancks constant. In 1972 Weinberg expressed m in terms of h, G, the speed of light c and the Hubble parameter H. We proved that both expressions are identical. We also found proportionality between c and H. The critical mass balancing the outward quantum mechanical spreading of the wave function, and its inward gravitational collapse, has been recently estimated. We identify this mass with Zeldovich and Weinberg mass. A semi classical gravity model is reinforced and provides an insight for the modelling of a quantum-gravitational theory. The time evolution of the peak probability density for a free particle, a wave function initially filling the whole Universe, explains the later geometrical properties of the fundamental particles. We prove that they end up acquiring a constant size given by their Compton wavelength. The size of the fundamental particles, as well as their mass, is explained. The three findings converge: Newton laws of motion and gravitation, while explaining Zeldovich and Weinberg relations, also define the mass and size of the fundamental particles when using the Schrodinger-Newton equation.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2008

The Speed of Light and the Hubble Parameter: The Mass-Boom Effect

We prove here that Newtons universal gravitation and momentum conservation laws together reproduce Weinbergs relation. It is shown that the Hubble parameter H must be built in this relation, or equivalently the age of the Universe t. Using a wave-to-particle interaction technique we then prove that the speed of light c decreases with cosmological time, and that c is proportional to the Hubble parameter H. We see the expansion of the Universe as a local effect due to the LAB value of the speed of light co taken as constant. We present a generalized red shift law and find a predicted acceleration for photons that agrees well with the result from Pioneer 10/11 anomalous acceleration. We finally present a cosmological model coherent with the above results that we call the Mass-Boom. It has a linear increase of mass m with time as a result of the speed of light c linear decrease with time, and the conservation of momentum mc. We obtain the baryonic mass parameter equal to the curvature parameter, omega m = omega k, so that the model is of the type of the Einstein static, closed, finite, spherical, unlimited, with zero cosmological constant. This model is the cosmological view as seen by photons, neutrinos, tachyons etc. in contrast with the local view, the LAB reference. Neither dark matter nor dark energy is required by this model. With an initial constant speed of light during a short time we get inflation (an exponential expansion). This converts, during the inflation time, the Plancks fluctuation length of 10-33 cm to the present size of the Universe (about 1028 cm, constant from then on). Thereafter the Mass-Boom takes care to bring the initial values of the Universe (about 1015 gr) to the value at the present time of about 1055 gr.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2008

Structure of the Universe: Generalization of Weinberg relation

Weinberg relation can be explained by Newton laws. It can also be transformed into a relation between a gravitational cross section area, associated to a gravitational mass m, and the product of two gravitational radii corresponding to the mass m and to the mass M of the Universe. Using a physical similarity process we propose a convective cascade mechanism to explain the structures present in the Universe. The proposal includes the vacuum fluctuations as the heating source for convection to take place. The fundamental Rayleigh number is used with a value of 1100, as in the case of the granules observed in the sun photosphere. Computer simulations results give structures that resemble a configuration of the type of the Benard cells. We present the similarity of our results with the actual structures in the Universe (masses and sizes).

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2008

Galaxies:kinematics as a proof of the existence of a universal field of minimum acceleration

Taking into account only luminous objects, the kinematics of clusters of galaxies, galaxies and their interior, require a much higher mass than the luminous one to explain the observations. This situation has provoked more than 30 years of intense research and has stimulated hypothesis like the dark matter. Also new mechanical theories, different from Newton (like the Modified Newtonian Dynamics), have been proposed. We here present an alternative: theoretical and observational data strongly suggest the existence of a universal field of minimum acceleration of the order of c/t, c the speed of light and t the age of the Universe. We keep our reasoning within the present state of the art of Quantum Mechanics, Relativity and Newtonian Mechanics. With this approach the kinematics of the luminous objects are explained without any additional assumption. At the same time the sizes of all structures in the Universe, from protons up to the Universe, are explained as due to the constant action of this field.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2008

Cosmology with New Astrophysical Constants

It is shown that Einstein field equations give two solutions for cosmology. The first one is the standard well known representative of the present status of cosmology. We identify it with the local point of view of a flat Universe with the values for the cosmological omega parameters (k = 0, lambda = 2/3, m = 1/3). The second one is a new one that we identify with a cosmic point of view, as given by free photons, neutrinos, tachyons and gravity quanta. We apply a wave to particle technique to find the matter propagation equation. Then we prove that all gravitational radii are constant, regardless of the possible time variations of the physical properties like the speed of light c, the gravitational constant G or the mass m of fundamental particles. We find two cosmological constants, c^3 /G and mc, with the condition that the field equations be derived from the action principle. With this result, and the integration of the Bianchi identity, we prove the existence of the two solutions for cosmology. We then validate Weinberg relation and prove that the speed of light c is proportional to the Hubble parameter H, a cosmological view. Thus, the cosmic observer (free photons and the like) are found to see accelerated photons with a numerical value that has been observed as an anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer 10/11 spacecrafts. An initial inflation is present which converts the Planck size into the present size of the Universe in about 140 initial tic-tac.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2007

Harmonizing General Relativity with Quantum Mechanics

Gravitation is the common underlying texture between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. We take gravitation as the link that can make possible the marriage between these two sciences. We use here the duality of Nature for gravitation: A continuous warped space, wave-like, and a discrete quantum gas, particle-like, both coexistent and producing an equilibrium state in the Universe. The result is a static, non expanding, spherical, unlimited and finite Universe, with no cosmological constant and no dark energy. The Principle of Mach is reproduced here by the convergence of the two cosmological equations of Einstein. From this a Mass Boom concept is born given by M = t, M the mass of the Universe and t its age. Also a decreasing speed of light is the consequence of the Mass Boom, c = 1/t, which explains the Supernovae Type Ia observations without the need of expansion (nor, of course, accelerated expansion). Our Mass Boom model completely wipes out the problems and paradoxes built in the Big Bang model, like the horizon, monopole, entropy, flatness, fine tuning, etc. It also eliminates the need for inflation. Finally the relation proposed by Weinberg in 1972 is here explained in terms of a gravitational cross section for all gravitational masses.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2007

Ultimate Fate of our Universe from Quantum Mechanics

It is conjectured that time intervals of any kind are proportional to the age of the Universe taken at the time we are considering the interval. If this is the case then the speed of light, in fact any speed, must decrease inversely proportional to this age. The immediate consequence is that energy is not conserved: the hypothesis that time is a homogeneous property implies conservation of energy (the theorem of Noether). Nonconservation of energy follows from the condition that any time interval is proportional to the cosmological time, and therefore time can not be homogeneous. From the uncertainty principle, taking the constant of Planck as a real constant, time independent, it follows that any energy in the Universe decreases linearly with time. We then prove that Schroedinger equation does not change, except for the potential energy term. The future of the Universe gives for the wave functions a long sinusoidal spatial solution, so that everything becomes unlocalized. The relativistic absolute interval remains the same, even with a changing speed of light, and the Universe turns out to be nonexpanding. A Mass-Boom effect is confirmed.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

A Quantum Approach to Cosmology

We present a theory based upon the treatment of the gravitational field as a sea of gravity quanta, as defined elsewhere. The resultant model for the Universe is a static one, like Einstein first saw, with a new feature: a local shrinking quantum world that completely explains the Hubble red shift under a new point of view. The presently accepted expansion of the Universe is interpreted here as an apparent effect, as seen from the Lab system of reference. The static Universe has immersed in it a local shrinking atomic world: a fundamental change in the interpretation of the Hubble's observations. The conservation principles (momentum, angular momentum and energy) can be dealt with under 2 different points of view: local (apparent) and COSMOLOGICAL ("real"). The 2 are in complete agreement with observation. They are also free of well known contradictions or paradoxes/incoherencies (i.e. in the Big Bang model). By dealing now with very well known first principles (Heisenberg, Mach, de Broglie, Weinberg's relation) under the same 2 points of view, we arrive at the conclusion that our new approach is in accordance with the Einstein's field equations of General Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics. We consider this to be a promising first step towards the way of dealing with the gravitational field coherently both from the General Relativity and from the Quantum Mechanical theories. The agreement with the present values of the cosmological parameters is very satisfactory.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2004

Laboratory Physics and Cosmology

We find five fundamental reasons demanding that any gravitational mass m, and the speed of light c, vary with cosmological time such that mc remains constant. This is required by the universal condition of conservation of momentum in a Universe with spatial homogeneity. We prove that this is consistent with Einstein's Theory of General Relativity. We call this effect a "MASS BOOM". At the LAB system no such time variations can be detected, unless we make comparisons with cosmological observations. We have to stress that the physical conditions implied by a time varying mass, together with a time varying speed of light, preserving the constancy of momentum, are compatible with Einstein's field equations. We then integrate his cosmological equations and find the solution for the cosmological scale factor a(t) proportional to the square of time, implying an apparent accelerated expansion for the Universe, as seen from the LAB frame. This is the interpretation given to recent observations obtained from the Supernova Type Ia. This determination of the scale factor a(t) is based upon a LAB interpretation and therefore is an apparent effect. On the other hand we note that the product ct being a constant determines the real Universe as a static one, of constant size. The observed red shift at the LAB system is due to a real shrinkage of the quantum world, due to the decrease in size of the quantum particles determined by a decreasing Planck's "constant".

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2004

A Theory of time-varying Constants

We present a flat (K=0) cosmological model, described by a perfect fluid with the ``constants'' $G,c$ and $Λ$ varying with cosmological time $t$. We introduce Planckś ``constant'' $\hbar$ in the field equations through the equation of state for the energy density of radiation. We then determine the behaviour of the ``constants'' by using the zero divergence of the second member of the modified Einsteinś field equations i.e. $div(\frac{G}{c^{4}}T_{i}^{j}+δ_{i}^{j}Λ)=0,$ together with the equation of state and the Einstein cosmological equations. Assuming realistic physical and mathematical conditions we obtain a consistent result with $\hbar c=constant$. In this way we obtain gauge invariance for the Schrödinger equation and the behaviour of the remaining ``constants''

gr-qc↗

arXiv2003

Mass Boom Versus Big Bang: The Role of Planck's Constant

The Big Bang frame of work for cosmology is a theoretical construct based upon one possible interpretation of the Hubble observation of the red shift from distant galaxies. Almost all of the scientific experimental evidence has been interpreted under the Big-Bang hypothesis. And the results have been very promising though with a few important drawbacks. The main point in our present work is to prove that the expansion of the Universe, the essence of the Big-Bang, is based upon an apparent interpretation of the distance-red shift relation found by Hubble. On the contrary, an absolute interpretation as we give here results in a constant size Universe, together with a shrinking quantum world. This is the role of Planck's constant: the red shift-distance relation can be interpreted as evidence of an expanding Universe or, alternatively, as evidence as evidence of a shrinking quantum world due to the decrease of Planck's constant with cosmological time.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2003

Mass Boom Versus Big Bang: Einstein was Right

When considering possible time variations of fundamental physical constants one has to keep firm well established principles. Following this approach we keep firm the Action Principle, General Relativity (the Equivalence Principle), and Mach's Principle. Also we introduce a new principle under the name of "TOTAL INTERACTION" and reconsider Weinberg's relation with a new approach. Consistent with all these principles we find that all masses increase linearly with cosmological time (THE MASS BOOM) and that Planck's constant decreases also with this time.Then the whole quantum world shrinks with time too. This is the cause of the red shift

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2002

Implications of a Time-Varying Fine Structure Constant

Much work has been done after the possibility of a fine structure constant being time-varying. It has been taken as an indication of a time-varying speed of light. Here we prove that this is not the case. We prove that the speed of light may or may not vary with time, independently of the fine structure constant being constant or not. Time variations of the speed of light, if present, have to be derived by some other means and not from the fine structure constant. No implications based on the possible variations of the fine structure constant can be imposed on the speed of light.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2002

The Speed of Gravity: What a Theory Says

Following a quantum-gravity approach we use a gravitational quantum defined elsewhere as well as an effective gravitational "cross section" in conjunction with Mach's Principle and the de Broglie wavelength concept. We find the speed of gravity v_g related to a gravitational mass m as given by v_g of order c (M_u/m)^(1/2), where c is the speed of light and M_u the mass of the seeable Universe. For the solar system we get v_g of order 10^(11) c, which agrees very well with experimental results. For the Universe v_g is of the order of c.

astro-ph↗